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Development trajectories of the border regions in the context of social and cultural identity and civilizational patterns of Russia
 
PIIS221979310022877-7-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310022877-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Vladimir Streletsky 
Occupation: Head of Department of Social and Economic Geography, Principal Research Scientist of of Institute of Geography, Russian Academy of Sciences (Moscow); Professor of People's Friendship University of Russia - RUDN University (Moscow)
Affiliation:
Russian Academy of Sciences
Peoples' Friendship University of Russia RUDN University
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionVolume 18. No4/2022
Pages3-23
Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the key features and trends of development of the Russian border regions in the context of social and cultural identity of Russia. The main concepts of the Russian civilization are compared. It is shown that the symbiotic nature of the Russian cultural space predetermines the necessity of the multi-vector external positioning of Russia in global processes. The typological diversity of Russian borders and borderlands creates favorable prerequisites for the successful interaction of Russia with different cultural worlds. Three vast culture areas of the Russian borderlands are selected for case studies: Western borderlands of Russia; the Mountainous North Caucasus; the South Siberian Turkic-Mongolian belt. The Western Russian borderlands are important links in the intra-European limitrophe, connecting Russia with the rest of Europe. Although the intensification of geopolitical and geo-economic turbulence in the 2010’s–2020’s sharply increased the barrier functions of the state border in the European part of the country, the Western borderlands of Russia, due to their geographical location and accumulated historical inertia, retain a huge potential for restoring close cross-border cooperation with European countries. The North Caucasian regions of Islam and the South Siberian regions of Buddhism, being integral parts of the Russian Federation as a state, culturally and geographically at the same time act as parts of vast contact zones connecting Russia with neighboring, belonging to other cultural realms. The key problem of the North Caucasian and South Siberian borderlands of Russia is the need for accelerated and effective modernization of these cultural areas. This is especially true for the republics of Southern Siberia, which retain many elements of archaic ways of life.

KeywordsRussia, borderlands, identity, interactions of civilizations, limitrophe spaces, barrier functions and the transparency of borders
AcknowledgmentThe reported study was funded by RFBR, project number 20-05-00369 “Transformation of the Ethnocultural Space of Post-Soviet States: Factors, Trends, Prospects”.
Received28.09.2022
Publication date22.11.2022
Number of characters45681
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1 Введение. Огромная протяжённость государственных границ России, соседствующей с полутора десятками стран Евразии, — уникальная особенность географического положения нашей страны. В этой связи исследования трендов развития российского порубежья, разных групп приграничных регионов страны, их специфических историко-, культурно-, экономико-географических особенностей, характерных социокультурных, этнополитических, институциональных проблем имеют чрезвычайную актуальность. После распада СССР таковая возросла ещё более: территории, входившие, зачастую на протяжении даже нескольких столетий, в состав единого государства (Российской империи, Советского Союза), в одночасье стали независимыми. Появилось множество новых протяжённых государственных границ; разные регионы, бывшие в историческом прошлом внутренними частями единой страны, стали приграничными. При этом проблемы развития российского порубежья (как «старого», так и «нового») — не только общие для всей приграничной полосы; во многих случаях они имеют яркую географическую специфику.
2 За три постсоветских десятилетия российскими экономико-, социо-, политико-географами, а также представителями смежных с географией социальных и гуманитарных наук было опубликовано большое число работ, посвящённых самым разным аспектам развития российского пограничья. Особо отметим капитальный труд учёных Института географии РАН «Российское пограничье: вызовы соседства» под редакцией проф. В. А. Колосова [46], подготовленный при поддержке Российского научного фонда. Широкий спектр проблем развития российского пограничья рассмотрен в специальном выпуске журнала «Региональные исследования» [12]. Ряд научных монографий в конце XX — начале XXI вв. был посвящён отдельным регионам российского порубежья, в частности, российско-украинскому [42; 47; 57], российско-белорусскому [45], Псковской области [40], российско-казахстанскому пограничью [10; 11], приграничным территориям Азиатской России в целом [43]. Обстоятельно обсуждались социально-экономические проблемы развития приграничных территорий России [5; 6; 30; 61]; вопросы трансграничного сотрудничества [21; 26; 27; 29]; типы самих российских границ, соотношение их функций, их «барьерность» и «проницаемость» [28; 33; 62 и др.]; специфика территориального самосознания и культурных идентичностей в приграничных регионах, их проявление в повседневной жизни людей и символическом ландшафте [1; 7; 9; 14; 36; 38].
3 В целом, за постсоветский период созданы весомые заделы в географических исследованиях Российского пограничья, причём по очень широкому спектру современных научных проблем. Меньше внимания уделялось историко-географической составляющей данной проблематики. Основной акцент делался на анализе современной ситуации, резких сдвигов, произошедших в конце XX — начале XXI вв., трансграничных взаимодействий постсоветской России со странами-соседями. Осмысление современных процессов требует в значительной степени также цивилизационного нарратива, без которого трудно вписать тренды развития нынешних приграничных территорий России в широкий социо-, этно- и геокультурный, а также геоэкономический, геополитический контексты. Заслуживают внимания и поддержки оригинальные работы отечественных политико-географов, сфокусированные на анализ современных российских политических дискурсов по проблемам границ и приграничья сквозь призму поисков национальной идентичности России (на материалах периодической печати в постсоветский период) [31; 32]. Но представляется, что политические дискурсы здесь важно дополнить цивилизационно-культурным, а временной горизонт существенно расширить.

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