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Historical and geographical excursion to the change of ethnic groups in the North-Eastern Baikal region in historical time
 
PIIS221979310012373-3-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310012373-3
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Людмила Вампилова 
Occupation: Associate Professor
Affiliation: Pushkin Leningrad State University
Address: Russian Federation, Sankt Petersburg
Bair Nanzatov
Occupation: Senior Research Fellow
Affiliation: Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: Russian Federation, Republic of Buryatiya, Ulan-Ude
Journal namePskov Journal of Regional Studies
EditionIssue 4 (44)
Pages68-82
Abstract

The ethnographic history of the region is considered for the first time, which is relevant and of interest for a retrospective analysis of the cultural heritage in environmental management and public life. The basis for the preparation of the article was the materials of the historical and geographical periodization of the development of the landscapes of the Barguzin depression as a part of the North-Eastern Cisbaikalia, according to which five eras are distinguished: the oldest (from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age), the Middle Ages, imperial, Soviet and post-Soviet. The method of creating a periodization is built using an event-oriented approach: the time of development is divided into chronological sections, in each of which information on the relationships in the “landscape-ethnos-nature management” trinity is analyzed. The purpose of the article is to present the history of the development of ethnographic subjects through historical and geographical methods and approaches. The historical and geographical study of the Barguzin depression, as a study area, made it possible to identify six changes in ethnic groups in the history of ethnic development: Kurykan, Bargut, Evenk, Buryat, Jewish and Russian. Depending on the change of ethnic groups, the structure of nature management has undergone changes from irrigated agriculture and cattle breeding of the Barguts in the steppe and forest-steppe landscapes, the hunting indigenous Evenk population in the taiga, nomadic Buryat cattle breeding to the arable farming of the Russian population. The characteristic of time sections is given and the connection of the development process with the prevailing ethnic group is shown. Material traces of the presence of one or another ethnic group in the basin indicate what types of landscapes were used for various types of traditional historical nature management, and also toponymic evidence is given, confirming the places of residence of a particular ethnic group in the basin. The step-by-step history of the change of ethnic groups makes it possible to judge the increasing role of types of nature management and the change in the load on the landscape closer to the present.

Keywordsethnic history, enclosing landscape, ethnic nature management, Bargudzhin-tokum, Barguzin, historical and geographical periodization, event-oriented approach
Received18.05.2021
Publication date18.05.2021
Number of characters30553
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1 Введение. Пространственно-временной подход к истории формирования этносов в пределах локального региона доказывает значение ретроспективного метода для указанных изысканий. На первых этапах проведения исследования и установления событийных процессов доэтнической эпохи (хронопласта) осуществлен анализ результатов работ целой плеяды археологов и этнографов. Для средневековой этнической истории региона особую важность приобретают историко-географические сценарии, связанные с миграцией населения с юга на север. Процесс формирования этнической картины средневековья отличается многослойностью напластования сюжетов, о чём свидетельствуют данные монгольских летописей.
2 Цель исследования — междисциплинарный (ретроспективный историко-географический) анализ процесса формирования этносов Баргузинской котловины.
3 Исходные предпосылки. История освоения ландшафтов котловины в древнейшую эпоху. История освоения Баргузинской котловины начинается в палеолите, но только с мезолита присутствие людей было постоянным. Мезолитические находки представлены единичными памятниками: Лысая Гора и Пристань. В культурном слое представлены предметы: нуклеусы, ножевидные пластины, отщепы и обломки костей животных. Культурно-хронологическое определение комплексов этих объектов нуждается в дополнительных исследованиях [17].
4 Неолит Баргузинской котловины представлен значительным количеством объектов археологического наследия, в отличие от предшествующих эпох, с довольно высоким коэффициентом плотности. Общее количество могил не велико (около 70), что связано, по утверждению Е. А. Хамзиной [39], с откочёвкой небольших групп от основного массива этноса.
5 Ранняя бронза представлена могильником Онкули, расположенным на высокой террасе левого берега р. Баргузин, подверженной ветровой эрозии. Памятник поздней бронзы плиточный могильник Шулуун-Шэнэгальжин. Оба могильника появляются в первых веках до н. э., когда хуннуские племена осваивают Западное Забайкалье [39]. Последний может быть отнесён к позднему «ацайскому» этапу исторического развития населения культуры плиточных могил (VIII–VI вв. до н. э.).
6 Вследствие аридизации климата, начавшейся в конце III тыс. до н. э. и продолжавшейся до середины II тыс. до н. э., в хозяйственных занятиях населения Центральной Азии стало преобладать скотоводство. Примерно в XV–XIV вв. до н. э. происходит повышение влажности климата, что отразилось на росте продуктивности пастбищ, создавало благоприятные условия для земледелия и вызвало предположительно рост численности населения (демографический взрыв). В конце II тыс. до н. э., по причине очередной фазы аридизации климата началась крупномасштабная миграция носителей обеих степных культур в поисках более благоприятных местообитаний.

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