1990s Experience and Cultural Diversity Management

The article analyses the lessons that the state and society could learn from the institutional contradictions and violent conflicts that were overcome in Russia in the 1990s. Ethnic mobilization and ways of getting out of conflict situations are analyzed. Based on specific materials, it is shown that the most important lesson was the ability to find compromise, dialogue ways to remove contradictions in the field of language, ecology, requests for participation in the use of local natural resources, increasing independence in the economy, and developing culture.

Most of the controversy was related to the institutional sphere, violation of the constitution and federal laws. The author shows that the regulation of such conflicts in multi-component federations is facilitated by the understanding that the ethnic nationalism of elites in the republics is different. On the example of the analysis of the discourse and legislative practice of Bashkortostan, North Ossetia-Alania, Tatarstan and Tuva, it is shown that divided sovereignty (not secession) was discussed in Tatarstan, but in it, as in Sakha and Bashkortostan, economic and cultural nationalism, defensive in North Ossetia - Alania, mainly cultural in Tuva. Accordingly, the agreements between the government of the Russian Federation and the government of the republics differed. Compromise solutions were temporary and as soon as a strong legitimate government was formed in the Centre, they ceased to operate, this is also one of the lessons of the 1990s.

Interethnic contradictions within the republics were also achieved by compromise solutions. However, the problem of ensuring equal opportunities in the labour and political spheres still remains.

The lesson in preventing the escalation of power conflicts was the recognition of the legitimate monopoly of power on the part of the state. The protection of society is based on the rule of law, but compliance with the law needs control from both the state and society.

The final part of the article is devoted to the regulation of interethnic relations in the second decade of the 2000s. The author supports the idea of calling this process the management of cultural diversity, since the term nation-building used earlier contains a double understanding of the nation, both ethnocultural and civil.

The cited research results in the country and the republics show that ethnic identity remains very stable. But nowhere does it appear as a confrontational all-Russian identity, but is combined with it among the majority of the population. It can be assumed that the idea of the people as co-citizenship, aimed at consolidating social, spatial and ethnocultural communities, realizing their interests in the economy, politics, culture, contributes to the provision of solidarity in the country.

This is the last article by L. M. Drobizheva in our journal. The editorial board left the author's text unchanged.

Keywords

ethnic mobilization, institutional and violent conflicts, ethnic nationalism, cultural diversity management, civil nationalism

Acknowledgment

This article is a translation of: Дробижева Л.М. Опыт 1990-х и управление культурным многообразием // Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia. 2021. No 8: 49–61. DOI: 10.31857/S013216250015254-2

Received

21.09.2021

Publication date

27.09.2021

Number of characters

40555

Cite Download pdf

GOST	Drobizheva L. 1990s' Experience and Cultural Diversity Management // Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya – 2021. – Issue 8 C. 246-256 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ras.jes.su/socis/s013216250016783-4-1-en (circulation date: 24.09.2023). DOI: 10.31857/S013216250016783-4
MLA	Drobizheva, Leokadia "1990s' Experience and Cultural Diversity Management." Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya 8 (2021):246-256. DOI: 10.31857/S013216250016783-4
APA	Drobizheva L. (2021). 1990s' Experience and Cultural Diversity Management. Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya (8), pp.246-256 DOI: 10.31857/S013216250016783-4

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 497

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Abdulatipov R.G., Mihailov V.A. (2016) Russia in the 21st Century: National Answer on the National Question. Moscow: Mezhdunarodnyj izdatelskiy tsentr "Ethnosocium". (In Russ.)
2. Breuilly J. (1993) Nationalism and the State. 2nd ed. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
3. Drobizheva L.M. (1996) The Elite of the Republics of the Russian Federation Says: L. Drobizheva's 110 Interviews with Politicians, Businessmen, Scientists, Cultural and Religious Figures, Leaders of the Opposition Movements. Moscow: Publishing house of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklouho-Maclay of RAS. (In Russ.)
4. Drobizheva L.M., Aklaev A.R., Koroteeva V.V., Soldatova G.U. (1996) Democratization and Images of Nationalism in the Russian Federation in the 90s. Ed. by L.M. Drobizheva. Moscow: Mysl. (In Russ.)
5. Gellner E. (1991) Nations and Nationalism. Ed. by I.I. Krupnik. Moscow: Progress. (In Russ.)
6. Gostiyeva L.K., Dzadziev A.B. (1995) Ethnopolitical Situation in North Ossetia. In: Developing Electorate of Russia. Moscow: Publishing house of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology named after N.N. Miklouho-Maclay of RAS: 214-241. (In Russ.)
7. Gurr T.R. (1993) Minorities at Risk: A Global View of Ethnopolitical Conflicts. Washington: U.S. Institute of Peace Press.
8. Iskhakov D. (1996) Model of Tatarstan: pro et contra. Panorama-Forum. No. 1: 46-58. (In Russ.)
9. Kedourie E. (1971) Nationalism in Asia and Africa. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
10. Khakimov R.S. (1993) Twilight of the Empire (On the Nation and the State). Kazan: Tatar Book Publishing House. (In Russ.)
11. Khobsbaum E. (1998) Nations and Nationalism after 1780. St. Petersburg: Aletheia. (In Russ.)
12. Kohn H. (1967) The Idea of Nationalism. New York: Collier-Macmillan.
13. Lieven A. (2015) Anatomy of American Nationalism. Moscow: Eksmo. (In Russ.)
14. Lieven A. (2020) Progressive Nationalism. Rossiya vglobalnoy politike [Russia in Global Affairs]. Vol. 18. No. 5(105): 25-42. (In Russ.)
15. Pain E.A. (2004) Ethnopolitical Pendulum: Dynamics and Mechanisms of Ethnopolitical Processes in postSoviet Russia. Moscow: Institut sotsiologii RAN. (In Russ.)
16. Senghaas D. (2007) The Civilization of Conflict: Constructive Pacifism as a Guiding Notion for Conflict Transformation. In: Austin A., Fischer M., Ropers N. (eds) Transforming Ethnopolitical Conflict: The Berghof Handbook. Moscow: Nauka: 35-50. (In Russ.)
17. Tilly Ch., Tilly L., Tilly R. (1975) The Rebellious Century 1830-1930. Cambridge, Harvard University Press.
18. Tishkov V.A. (1997) Essays on the Theory and Politics of Ethnicity in Russia. Moscow: Russkiy Mir. (In Russ.)
19. Tishkov V.A. (2021) Nation, Nationalism and Nation-building. Rossiya v globalnoy politike [Russia in Global Affairs]. Vol. 19. No. 2(108): 42-62. (In Russ.)
20. Tishkov V.A. (2008) Russia is a Nation of Nations (In Connection with the New Concept of National Policy). Byulleten seti etnologicheskogo monitoringa i rannego preduprezhdeniya konfliktov [Bulletin of Ethnological Monitoring and Conflict Early Preventing Network]. No. 78: 10-15. (In Russ.)