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Features of the territorial structure of the ethnic space of Central Asia at the turn of XX century
 
Код статьиS221979310008989-0-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310008989-0
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Манаков Андрей Геннадьевич 
Должность: Professor
Аффилиация: Pskov State University
Адрес: Russian Federation, Pskov
Название журналаПсковский регионологический журнал
ВыпускВыпуск 3 (43)
Страницы42-57
Аннотация

The ethnic space of Central Asia a century ago was undergoing radical changes associated with the national-territorial delimitation of the macroregion. These changes were caused by new installations of Soviet power in the allocation of peoples, consistent with the national policy of the young socialist state. To a large extent, this became possible not only because of the undeveloped scientific criteria for determining nationalities at that time, but also because of the incompleteness of the process of ethnic self-identification of the local population.

The purpose of the study is to highlight the main components of the territorial structure of the ethno-cultural space of Central Asia based on the census of 1897. The study is based on modern concepts of Russian cultural geography: geo-ethnocultural systems, geo-cultural (ethnocultural) space, ethno-contact zones, etc.

The study made it possible to determine the territorial linkage of ethnic core of geo-ethnocultural systems of the main nations of Central Asia, as well as ethno-contact zones (zones of overlapping geo-ethnocultural systems) that became “disputed” territories during the period of national-territorial delimitation. The most pronounced at the turn of the XIX–XX centuries was the territorial core of the Kazakh geo-ethnocultural system. The ethnic core of the Turkmen and Karakalpak geo-ethnocultural systems were also sufficiently territorially determined. The most difficult was the interweaving of ethnic territories of Tajiks, Kyrgyz, Uzbeks and other peoples in the modern territory of Uzbekistan, northern Tajikistan and western Kyrgyzstan. Particular attention is paid to the problem of “Sarts”, who have Tajik roots, but switched to the Turk language, and during the period of national-territorial delimitation attributed to the Uzbeks.

Ключевые словаCentral Asia, census of 1897, geo-ethnocultural system, ethnic core, ethno-contact zone
Источник финансированияThis article was prepared with the support of the RFBR grant 20-05-00369 “Transformation of the ethnocultural space of the post-Soviet states: factors, trends, prospects”.
Получено19.05.2021
Дата публикации19.05.2021
Кол-во символов28272
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1 Introduction. Before the revolution the ethnographic map of Central Asia was rather different from the one of Soviet and post-Soviet times. National and territorial division during the first years of the Soviet power brought in some radical changes in the process ethno-cultural space formation. Since the formation of Soviet republics, “titular nations” were identified, the status of which consolidated even more during the post-Soviet time. Although, the process of creation of the “titular nations” was not simple, due to some problems of uncertainty of criteria of nationalities identification and other difficulties in ethnic identification of population of Central Asia in 19th and beginning of 20th century, and later on due to some new policy of the Soviet power according to the national politics of the young socialistic state.
2 The goal of the research is to identify main components of territorial structure of the ethno-cultural space in Central Asia following the results of the First general census of the population of the Russian Empire conducted in 1897.
3 In particular some tasks of the research are identification of the areas of the ethnical cores of different degree of manifestation (for nations, which became the titular ethnic groups of the Soviet republic as a result of national and territorial division in Central Asia), as well as ethno-contact zones (or areas of overlap of national geo-ethno-cultural systems), which became the disputed territories during national and territorial division.
4

Level of the problem research and novelty of the research. In post-Soviet time there appeared lots of studies dedicated to the ethnical composition of population of Central Asia at the turn of the 20th century, which also used the data of the only prerevolutionary census, the first general census in the Russian Empire of 1897 ([5; 6; 9; 10; 16; 19] etc.). An explosion of interest to the topic relates to identified tasks of the new state organization onto post-Soviet area. Among the raised problems defined during the period of national and territorial division there were questions of ethnic geography and ethnic identity in pre-Soviet history of the macro-region([1; 2; 18; 21–23] etc.).
5

The current research studies the results of the population census of 1897 in Central Asia from the perspectives of modern concepts of national cultural geography. For instance, the research is based upon the concept of ethno-contact zones (ECZ), assuming the calculation of ethnic patchiness index (EPI) by Eckhel B.M.([11; 20; 24] etc.), the concept of geo-ethnocultural systems (GECS) [17] and developed at its basis a model of territorial structure of ethnocultural space. The latter was tested by us at the territory of Central Asia on the results of the population census of 1959 and 1970 [12].
6 Informational background of the research. The research is based on the results of the First general population census in the Russian Empire of 1897, published on the site Demoscope.ru/weekly1. The peculiarities of the population census are not the registration of nationalities, but allocation of population by the spoken language. Anyway, as our earlier research was dedicated to the analysis of the national composition of the population dynamics for a long period [11], it revealed the following groups of population, which can be considered as ethnic ones with certain reservations. 1. The first general population census in the Russian Empire of 1897. Allocation of population by the native language, in provinces and regions. [Electronical source]: URL: >>>> (date of reference: 24.03.2020); The first general population census in the Russian Empire of 1897. Allocation of population by the native language and counties of the Russian Empire, besides the provinces of European Russia [Electronical source]: URL: >>>> (date of reference: 24.03.2020).
7 The population census of 1897 did not cover the whole territory of Central Asia, it did not include two enclaves, where the census was conducted partly. It was the case with the territories of two khanates, which were in allegiance from the Russian Empire, namely Bukhara and Khiva. The population registration was carried out only in Russian settlement in Bukhara (10.3 thousand people), and in Khiva just for some few residents of the Russian Empire (about 4 thousand people). Both categories of population reflect the general ethnic composition of the population in those two khanates, that is why the data from those khanates were excluded from our analysis.
8 Results of the research. At the time of the population census conduction in 1897, the Russian Empire’s domains in Central Asia included nine regions, as well as two khanates in vassalage (Bukhara and Khiva). Central Asia that time was divide into two parts: 1) Kyrgyz country, the land which became a part of Russia mainly in the 18th and in the first half of the 19th centuries (Ural, Turgai, Akmola and Semipalatinsk regions) – for future territories of Kazakhstan; 2) Turkestan, which became a part of the Empire in the second half of the 19th century (Zakaspiysk, Syr-Darya, Samarkand, Fergana and Semirechinsk regions) – the future territories of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan and partly Kazakhstan (its southern districts). We estimated ethnic rates at the 43 counties and one area (Amu-Darya, where half of its population was the Kara-Kalpaks).
9

The calculation of the language patchiness index (LPI, which was estimated similar to the ethnic patchiness index (EPI) by Eckhel B.M. [20]) showed that clearly pronounced ethno-contact zones (with LPI over 0.4) at the territory of Central Asia covered the outskirts of the macro-region, at that its central part presented itself mildly pronounced ethno-contact zones (with LPI from 0.2 to 0.4) or monoethnic territories (pic.1).

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