6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria

During excavations in 2019 in Phanagoria at the Lower City site, two amphorae with red paint dipinto representing a seven-lamp menorah were found in a fire layer dating from around the middle of the 6th century. Representations of seven-armed candelabrum on amphorae and generally on containers were a sign that they contained a kosher food, i.e. suitable for consumption according to Halakha – a corpus of laws guiding activities of a Jew. Thus, the published amphorae attest to the presence of a Jewish community in the city in early Byzantine time and fill a chronological gap in a short list of archaeological and written evidence about the Jewish community of Phanagoria, moreover, the fact that the vessels were found at a fairly close distance from each other in a narrowly dated gated complex may indicate the presence of a Jewish quarter there. The finds are of particular importance due to the fact that the number of amphorae and other vessels with dipinti representing a menorah known to date is rather insignificant. Their findings are known only from excavations in several centres of the Northern Pontic and Palestine.

Keywords

Phanagoria, early Byzantine period, amphorae, menorah, Jewish community

Received

27.05.2021

Publication date

15.12.2021

Number of characters

23559

Cite

GOST	Golofast L. 6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria // Rossiiskaia arkheologiia – 2021. – Issue 4 C. 53-64 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ras.jes.su/ra/s086960630015242-5-1-en (circulation date: 05.11.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5
MLA	Golofast, Larisa A "6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia 4 (2021):53-64. DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5
APA	Golofast L. (2021). 6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia (4), pp.53-64 DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5

100 rub.

When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной


1	В ходе раскопок 2019 г. в Фанагории на участке Нижний город были найдены две амфоры с dipinto в форме семирожковой меноры. Оба сосуда, от которых сохранились верхние части тулова, довольно тонкостенные, очень аккуратно сформованные, имеют желобчатое тулово, высокое стройное цилиндрическое горло с западиной на внутренней стороне венчика и овальные в сечении ручки с двухскатной внешней поверхностью. У одной амфоры (рисунок, 1)¹, найденной внутри пифоса 1, – подтреугольный в сечении венчик с ребром вдоль внешнего края, у второй (рисунок, 2)², найденной в слое пожара (кв. В2, штык 21), – валикообразный венчик. На внутренней стороне обеих амфор – черное покрытие, местами с блеском; на внешней стороне – его подтеки.	1. Государственный музей-заповедник «Фанагория», ФМ-КП-71/8 А2131 ГК 20431181. 2. Государственный музей-заповедник «Фанагория», ФМ-КП-71/9 А2132 ГК 20431178.
2	Рис. Амфоры из слоя пожара середины VI в. в Фанагории. 1 – амфора (из пифоса 1): а – прорисовка профиля; б, в – фото разных сторон; г – дипинто в форме меноры; д – надпись, нанесенная красной краской, и ее прорисовка; 2 – амфора (кв. В2, штык 21): а – прорисовка профиля; б–г – фото разных сторон и прорисовка (б) дипинто в форме меноры. Pic. Amphorae (1, 2) from a fire layer of the middle of the 6^th century in Phanagoria
3	Глина амфор идентична: первая сделана из плотной, очень хорошо отмученной красновато-желтой глины с тонким темно-бежевым слоем у внешней поверхности и мелкими коричневыми и светлыми включениями; вторая – из плотной, очень хорошо отмученной красновато-бежевой глины с темно-серовато-коричневым слоем у внутренней поверхности и редкими мелкими коричневыми и светлыми включениями.
4	Оба сосуда найдены в слое пожара, в котором была керамика³, аналогичная материалу из слоя пожара, открытого в 1982–1985 гг. на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе (Атавин, 1993), и в ходе раскопок фундамента причального сооружения в акватории Фанагории (Голофаст, Ольховский, 2016). Сгоревший «в огне большого пожара, связанного с боевыми действиями» комплекс из двух зданий, открытый на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе, содержал керамику, которая, как отмечает автор раскопок, датируется началом-серединой VI в. (тип F, H формы 3 Фокейской краснолаковой посуды (тип 16 по классификации А.Г. Атавина). В слое также отмечены амфоры типа LRA1, красноглиняные корчажки со светлым ангобом, которые, скорее всего, соответствуют амфорам типа АДСВ-5, и др. (Атавин, 1993. C. 170). Одновременно с пожаром в городе, по-видимому, были разрушены и прекратили функционировать портовые сооружения: набор самой поздней, связанной с молом, керамики совпадает с таковым из слоя пожара, открытого на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе и раскопе Нижний город (Голофаст, Ольховский, 2016).	3. Готовится подробная публикация материала из слоя пожара.
5	Традиционно исследователи связывают пожар и соответственно прекращение использования причальных сооружений с описанным Прокопием Кесарийским разрушением Фанагории и Кеп варварскими племенами, которое, по мнению исследователей, произошло в ходе восстания против вассала Византии варварского князя Горда (или Грода) и ответных действий против варваров византийских войск и флота, датирующихся по письменным источникам (Прокопий Кесарийский, Феофан и др.) 528 или 534 гг. (Сазанов, 1989. С. 58; Атавин, 1993. С. 170; Гавритухин, 2008. С. 365; Строков, 2009. С. 316; Чхаидзе, 2012. С. 122, сл.).

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 1035

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Abramzon M.G., Ostapenko S.N., 2019. Solidus of Justinian I from the 6th century fire layer in Phanagoria. Hypanis. Trudy otdela klassicheskoy arkheologii IA RAN [Hypanis. Proceedings of the Department of Classical Archaeology, IA RAS], 1. V.D. Kuznetsov, A.A. Zavoykin, eds. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 28–32. (In Russ.)

2. Antonova I.A., Danilenko V.N., Ivashuta L.P., Kadeev V.I., Romanchuk A.I., 1971. Medieval amphorae of Chersonesos. Antichnaya drevnost' i srednie veka [Classical antiquity and the Middle Ages], 7. Sverdlovsk, pp. 81–101. (In Russ.)

3. Arthur P., 1989. Some observations on the economy of Bruttium under the later Roman Empire. Journal of Roman Archaeology, 2, pp. 133–142.

4. Atavin A.G., 1993. Red-gloss ware of the 4th–6th centuries from Phanagoria. Bosporskiy sbornik [Bosporan collection of articles], 2. Moscow: Arkhe, pp. 149–171. (In Russ.)

5. Aybabin A.I., 1999. Etnicheskaya istoriya rannevizantiyskogo Kryma [Ethnic history of the early Byzantine Crimea]. Simferopol': Dar. 351 p.

6. Aybabin A.I., 2003. The Crimea in the middle of the 3rd – early 6th century (Migration period). Krym, Severo-vostochnoe Prichernomor'e i Zakavkaz'e v epokhu srednevekov'ya. IV–XIII vv. [The Crimea, North-Eastern Pontic and Transcaucasia in the Middle Ages. 4th–13th centuries]. T. I. Makarova, S.A. Pletneva, eds. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 10–26. (Arkheologiya). (In Russ.)

7. Aybabin A.I., 2016. Jewish community Panticapaeum of the late antiquity and in the early medieval Bosporus. XVII Bosporskie chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov'ya. Issledovateli i issledovaniya [XVII Bosporan readings. The Cimmerian Bosporus and barbaric world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Researchers and research]. Kerch', pp. 12–16. (In Russ.)

8. Aybabin A.I., 2019. Fisherman’s homestead in the early Byzantine Bosporus. Problemy istorii i arkheologii srednevekovogo Kryma: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii, posvyashchennoy 70-letiyu A.I. Aybabina [Issues of history and archaeology of the medieval Crimea: Proceedings of the International scientific conference to the 70th anniversary of A.I. Aybabin]. E.A. Khayredinova, ed., comp. Simferopol': Antikva, pp. 7–16. (In Russ.)

9. Aybabin A.I., Sidorenko V.A., 2007. A new Jewish manumission from Panticapaeum. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporus studies], XVII. Simferopol'; Kerch', pp. 121–127. (In Russ.)

10. Belova N.S., 1977. Epigraphic materials of the Phanagoria expedition. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of ancient history], 3 (141), pp. 105–117. (In Russ.)

11. Blavatskaya T.V., 1958. Gorgippian manumission of 67 AD. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], XXVIII, pp. 91–96. (In Russ.)

12. Blavatskiy V.D., 1951. Excavations of the Phanagoria necropolis in 1938, 1939 and 1940. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu epokhu [Materials on the archaeology of the Northern Pontic in the antiquity period], 1. V.D. Blavatskiy, B.N. Grakov. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, pp. 189–226. (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 19). (In Russ.)

13. Cesteros H.G., Almeida R.R. de, Costello J.C., 2016. Special Fish Products for the Jewish Community? A Painted Inscription on a Beltran 72 Amphora from Augusta Emerita (Mérida, Spain). Herom. Journal on Hellenistic and Roman Material Culture, vol. 5, iss. 2, pp. 196–236.

14. Chichurov I.S., 1980. Vizantiyskie istoricheskie sochineniya: «Khronografiya» Feofana, «Breviariy» Nikifora: Teksty, perevod, kommentariy [Byzantine historical works: the Chronography by Theophanes and the Breviary by Nicephorus: texts, translation, commentary]. Moscow: Nauka. 216 p.

15. Chkhaidze V.N., 2006. Medieval burials in stone cists on the Taman Peninsula. Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii Povolzh'ya [Materials and studies on the archaeology of the Volga River region], 3. Moscow; Yoshkar-Ola: Mariyskiy gosudarstvennyy universitet, pp. 53–86. (In Russ.)

16. Chkhaidze V.N., 2008. Tamatarkha. Rannesrednevekovyy gorod na Tamanskom poluostrove [Tamatarcha. An Early medieval town on the Taman Peninsula]. Moscow: Taus. 328 p.

17. Chkhaidze V.N., 2012. Fanagoriya v VI–X vekakh [Phanagoria in the 6th–10th centuries]. Moscow: Triumf print. 590 p.

18. Cirelli E., 2014. Typology and diffusion of Amphorae in Ravenna and Classe between the 5th and the 8th centuries AD. LRCW 4. Late Roman Coarse Wares, Cooking Wares and Amphorae in the Mediterranean: Archaeology and Archaeometry. The Mediterranean: a Market without Frontiers: Proceedings of the Conference, I. N. Poulou-Papadimitriou, E. Nodarou, V. Kilikoglou, eds. Oxford: Archaeopress, pp. 541–552. (British Archaeological Reports. International Series, 2616).

19. Colafemmina C., 2012. The Jews in Calabria. Leiden; Boston: Brill. 699 p. (Studia Post Biblica, 49).

20. Dan'shin D.I., 1991. Three new inscriptions from Phanagoria. Kratkie soobshcheniya Instituta arkheologii [Brief Communications of the Institute of Archaeology], 204, pp. 98–102. (In Russ.)

21. Dan'shin D.I., 1993. Phanagorian Jewish community. Vestnik drevney istorii [Journal of ancient history], 1 (204), pp. 59–72.

22. Fedoseev F., Domżalski K., Opaiţ A., Kulikov A.V., 2010. Post-Justinian Pottery Deposit from Pantikapaion–Bosporos: Rescue Excavations at 12, Teatral’naja St. in Kerch, 2006. Archeologia, LXI, pp. 63–94.

23. Fine S., 2016. The Open Torah Ark. The Jewish Iconographic Type in Late Antique Rome and Sardis. Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology: VeHinnei Rachel – Essays in Honor of Rachel Hachlili. A.E. Killebrew, G. Fasbeck, eds. Leiden; Boston: Brill, pp. 121–143.

24. Gavritukhin I.O., 2008. Fibula from the excavations of A.G. Atavin in Phanagoria in 1989. Drevnosti Yuga Rossii [Antiquities of the South of Russia]. G.E. Afanas'ev, ed. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 362–367. (In Russ.)

25. Gaydukevich V.F., 1949. Bosporskoe tsarstvo [The Bosporan Kingdom]. Moscow; Leningrad: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR. 662 p.

26. Golofast L.A., 2020. An early medieval amphora with a Hebrew inscription on a lead seal from Phanagoria. Rossiyskaya arkheologiya [Russian archaeology], 3, pp. 159–172. (In Russ.)

27. Golofast L.A., Ol'khovskiy S.V., 2016. A pottery complex from an underwater basement in the offshore Phanagoria. Fanagoriya. Rezul'taty arkheologicheskikh issledovaniy [Phanagoria. Archaeological Research Results], vol. 4. Materialy po arkheologii i istorii Fanagorii, iss. 2 [Materials on archaeology and history of Phanagoria]. V D. Kuznetsov, A.A. Zavoykin, eds. Moscow: IA RAN, pp. 46–82. (In Russ.)

28. Hachlili R., 2001. The Menorah – The Ancient Seven-Armed Candelabrum: Origin, Form, and Significance. Leiden. 664 p. (Journal for the Study of Judaism, 68).

29. Hachlili R., 2005. Jewish Funerary Customs, Practices and Rites in the Second Temple Period. Leiden. 588 р. (Journal for the Study of Judaism, 94).

30. Hachlili R., 2018. The Menorah: Evolving into the Most Important Jewish Symbol. Leiden, Boston: Brill. 294 p.

31. Kashaev S.V., Kashovskaya N.V., 1999. Two tombstones from the village of Vyshestebliyevskaya near Taman. Bosporskiy fenomen. Grecheskaya kul'tura na periferii antichnogo mira: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Bosporan phenomenon. Greek culture at the periphery of the ancient world: Proceedings of the International scientific conference]. St. Petersburg, pp. 332–337. (In Russ.)

32. Kashaev S.V., Kashovskaya N.V., 2001. New Bosporan gravestones. Bosporskiy fenomen. Kolonizatsiya regiona, formirovanie polisov, obrazovanie gosudarstva: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [Bosporan phenomenon. Colonization of the region, the emergence of poleis, the formation of the state: Proceedings of the International scientific conference], 1. St. Petersburg, pp. 164–174. (In Russ.)

33. Kashaev S.V., Kashovskaya N.V., 2006. Stones and inscriptions of the Bosporus. Vostochnaya kollektsiya [Oriental collection], 2 (25), pp. 55–60. (In Russ.)

34. Kashaev S.V., Kashovskaya N.V., 2008. The cult complex (SK-6) and epigraphic materials from the settlement of Vyshesteblievskaya-11. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus], vol. 12, part 1. Moscow, pp. 340–362. (In Russ.)

35. Kashovskaya N., Kashaev S., 2004. Judaism in the Bosporus – an archaeological context. Materialy XI ezhegodnoy mezhdunarodnoy mezhdistsiplinarnoy konferentsii po iudaike [Proceedings of the XI Annual international interdisciplinary conference on Jewish studies], 1. Moscow: Probel-2000, pp. 13–23. (In Russ.)

36. Khvol'son D.A., 1884. Sbornik" evreyskikh" nadpisey, soderzhashchiy nadgrobnyya nadpisi iz" Kryma i nadgrobnyya i drugiya nadpisi iz" inykh" mest", v drevnem" evreyskom" kvadratnom" shrift", takzhe i obraztsy shriftov" iz" rukopisey ot" IX–XV stol"tiya [A collection of Jewish inscriptions including gravestone inscriptions from the Crimea and gravestone and other inscriptions from other places, in Hebrew square script, as well as samples of scripts from manuscripts of the 9th–15th centuries]. St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Imperatorskoy Akademii nauk. 528 p.

37. Kobylina M.M., 1951a. Excavations of the “Eastern” necropolis of Phanagoria in 1948. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu epokhu [Materials on the archaeology of the Northern Pontic in the period of antiquity], 1. V.D. Blavatskiy, B.N. Grakov. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, pp. 241–249. (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 19). (In Russ.)

38. Kobylina M.M., 1951b. Excavations of the “Southern” necropolis of Phanagoria in 1947. Materialy po arkheologii Severnogo Prichernomor'ya v antichnuyu epokhu [Materials on the archaeology of the Northern Pontic in the period of antiquity], 1. V.D. Blavatskiy, B.N. Grakov. Moscow: Izdatel'stvo AN SSSR, pp. 236–240. (Materialy i issledovaniya po arkheologii SSSR, 19). (In Russ.)

39. Korpus bosporskikh nadpisey [Corpus of Bosporan inscriptions]. V.V. Struve, ed. Moscow; Leningrad: Nauka, 1965. 951 p.

40. Koshelenko G.A., 2010. Religion and cults. Antichnoe nasledie Kubani [Ancient heritage of the Kuban region], II. G.M. Bongard-Levin, V.D. Kuznetsov, eds. Moscow: Nauka, pp. 354–416. (In Russ.)

41. Kuznetsov V.D., Golofast L.A., 2010. Houses of the Khazar period in Phanagoria. Problemy istorii, filologii i kul'tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies], 1, pp. 393–429. (In Russ.)

42. Levine I.L., 2008. Jewish Archaeology in Late Antiquity Art, Architecture, and Inscriptions. The Cambridge History of Judaism, 4. S.T. Katz, ed. Cambridge, pp. 519–555.

43. Levinskaya I.A. Tokhtas'ev S.R., 1988. Hebrew names in the Bosporus. Etnogenez narodov Yugo-Vostochnoy Evropy. Etnolingvisticheskie i kul'turno-istoricheskie vzaimodeystviya Balkan i Tsirkumpontiyskoy zony: tezisy dokladov mezhdunarodnogo simpoziuma «Antichnaya balkanistika 6» [Ethnic genesis of the peoples of Southeast Europe. Ethnolinguistic and cultural-historical interactions between the Balkans and the Circumpontic: Abstracts of the International symposium “Ancient Balkan Studies 6”]. Moscow: Institut slavyanovedeniya i balkanistiki, pp. 28–29. (In Russ.)

44. Levinskaya I.A., 1992. Those who worship the Most High God in the inscriptions from Tanais. Etyudy po antichnoy istorii i kul'ture Severnogo Prichernomor'ya [Studies on the ancient history and culture of the Northern Pontic]. A.K. Gavrilov, ed. St. Petersburg: Glagol, pp. 129–145. (In Russ.)

45. Levinskaya I.A., 2000. Deyaniya apostolov [The Acts of the Apostles]. St. Petersburg: Logos. 351 p.

46. Levinskaya I.A., Tokhtas’eyev S.R., 1996. Jews and Jewish Names in the Bosporan Kingdom. Studies on the Jewish Diaspora in the Hellenistic and Roman Periods. Tel-Aviv: Tel-Aviv University, pp. 55–73. (Te’uda, XII).

47. Levinskaya I.A., Tokhtas'ev S.R., 1991. Hebrew names in the Bosporus. Acta Associationis Internationalis. Terra Antiqua Balcanica, VI. Sofiya, pp. 118–128. (In Russ.)

48. Lyutsenko A.E., 1876. Ancient Jewish gravestones found in the embankments of the Phanagoria fortified settlement. Trudy III Mezhdunarodnogo s"ezda orientalistov [Proceedings of the III International congress of Oriental studies], I. St. Petersburg, pp. 577–580. (In Russ.)

49. Meyers C.L., 2018. Menorahs Incised or Painted on Ceramic Vessels. The Architecture, Stratigraphy, and Artifacts of the Western Summit of Sepphoris. E.M. Meyers, C.L. Meyers, B.D. Gordon, eds. Eisenbrauns: University Park, pp. 630–643. (Duke Sepphoris Excavation Reports, III).

50. Meyers C.L., Meyers E.M., 2016. Images and Identity. Menorah Representation at Sepphoris. Viewing Ancient Jewish Art and Archaeology. VeHinnei Rachel – Essays in Honor of Rachel Hachlili. A.E. Killebrew, G. Fasbeck, eds. Leiden; Boston: Brill, pp. 384–400.

51. Meyers E.M., 2008. Jewish Art and Architecture in the Land of Israel, 70–C. 235. The Cambridge History of Judaism, 4. S.T. Katz, ed. Cambridge, pp. 173–190.

52. Mogarichev Yu.M., 2003. On the early medieval Jewish communities in the Crimea. Khersonesskiy sbornik [Chersonesos collected papers], XII. Sevastopol', pp. 287–300. (In Russ.)

53. Mogarichev Yu.M., 2009. New materials on the history of the Jewish diaspora in the Bosporus of the late antiquity and Early Middle Ages. Khazarskiy al'manakh [Khazar almanac], 8. Khar'kov, pp. 265–276. (In Russ.)

54. Opait A., 2004. Local and Imported Ceramics in the Roman Provinces of Scythia (4th–6th centuries AD). Oxford: Archaeopress. 180 р. (British Archaeological Reports. International Series, 1274).

55. Otchet Arkheologicheskoy Komissii za 1866 god [Report of the Archaeological Commission for 1866]. St. Petersburg, 1868. XXVI, 190 p., ill.

56. Otchet Arkheologicheskoy Komissii za 1872 god [Report of the Archaeological Commission for 1872]. St. Petersburg, 1975. XXVIII, 339 p., 18 ill.

57. Rostovtzeff M.I., 1922. Iranians and Greeks in South Russia. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 358 р.

58. Rutgers L.V., 1992. Archaeological Evidence for the Interaction of Jews and Non-Jews in Late Antiquity. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 101–118.

59. Sazanov A.V., 1989. On the chronology of the Bosporus in the early Byzantine period. Sovetskaya arkheologiya [Soviet archaeology], № 4, pp. 41–60. (In Russ.)

60. Sazanov A.V., Mokrousov S.V., 1996. The Settlement of Zolotoye Vostochnoye in the bay: an experience of studying the stratigraphy of the early Byzantine period. Problemy istorii, filologii i kul'tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies], iss. III, part 1, pp. 88–107. (In Russ.)

61. Sazanov A.V., Mokrousov S.V., 1999. Some preliminary data on the chronology of the Zeleny Mys settlement. Problemy istorii, filologii i kul'tury [Journal of Historical, Philological and Cultural Studies], VII, pp. 168–172. (In Russ.)

62. Shelov D.B., 1978. Personal names on amphorae from Tanais. Numizmatika i epigrafika [Numismatics and epigraphy], XII. Moscow. C. 47–55. (In Russ.)

63. Solomonik E.I., 1997. The earliest Jewish settlements and communities in the Crimea. Evrei Kryma: Ocherki istorii [Jews of the Crimea: Essays on history]. Simferopol': Mosty, pp. 9–22. (In Russ.)

64. Strokov A.A., 2009. Belt sets of the Hunnic period in the Asian Bosporus. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos studies], XXI. Simferopol', pp. 303–319. (In Russ.)

65. Sviridov A.N., Yazikov S.V., Sukhanov E.V., 2019. New medieval burials from the Taman Peninsula. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos studies], XXXVIII. Simferopol', pp. 256–298. (In Russ.)

66. Swan V., 2009. Dichin (Bulgaria): the Destruction Deposits and the Dating of Black Sea Amphorae in the 5th and 6th centuries A.D. PATABS I. Production and Trade of Amphorae in the Black Sea. D. Kassab Tezgör, N. Inaishvili, eds. Paris: Institut français d'études anatoliennes Georges Dumezil, pp. 107–119. (Varia Anatolica, XXI).

67. Weiss Z., 2010. Burial Practices in Beth She’arim and the Question of Dating the Patriarchal Necropolis. Follow the Wise: Studies in Jewish History and Culture in Honor of Lee I. Levine. Z. Weiss, O. Irshai, J. Magness, S. Schwartz, eds. Winona Lake, pp. 207–231.

68. Yaylenko V.P., 2003. Phanagorian manumissions and lists of names from finds of the 1970s. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus], 6. Moscow, pp. 351–375. (In Russ.)

69. Zavoykina N.V., 2008. A fragment of a manumission from Phanagoria. Drevnosti Bospora [Antiquities of the Bosporus], vol. 12, part 1. Moscow, pp. 226–229. (In Russ.)

70. Zin'ko A.V., 2011. Amphorae with menorah from excavations of the early Byzantine Tyritake. XII Bosporskie chteniya. Bospor Kimmeriyskiy i varvarskiy mir v period antichnosti i srednevekov'ya. Vzaimovliyanie kul'tur [XII Bosporan readings. The Cimmerian Bosporus and barbaric world in the period of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Mutual influence of cultures]. Kerch', pp. 131–133. (In Russ.)

71. Zin'ko A.V., 2013. Ethnic and confessional composition of the population of the Bosporan city of Tyritake in the 5th–6th centuries. Bosporskiy fenomen: naselenie, yazyki, kontakty: materialy mezhdunarodnoy nauchnoy konferentsii [The Bosporan phenomenon: population, languages, contacts: Proceedings of the International scientific conference]. St. Petersburg: Nestor-Istoriya, pp. 250–254. (In Russ.)

72. Zin'ko A.V., Ponomarev L.Yu., 2016. To the topography of the early Byzantine city of the Bosporus and its slab-grave necropolises. Bosporskie issledovaniya [Bosporos studies], XXXII. Simferopol', pp. 107–148. (In Russ.)

73. Zolotarev M.I., Korobkov D.Yu., Ushakov C.V., Maklennan R., Overman A., Oliv'e Dzh., Edvards D., Linstrom G., Olenina E.F., 2013. Drevnyaya sinagoga v Khersonese Tavricheskom: materialy i issledovaniya Prichernomorskogo Proekta 1994–1998 gg. [Ancient synagogue in Tauric Chersonesos: materials and research of the Pontic Project in 1994–1998]. Moscow; Sevastopol': Russkiy fond sodeystviya obrazovaniyu i nauke. 508 p.