6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria

During excavations in 2019 in Phanagoria at the Lower City site, two amphorae with red paint dipinto representing a seven-lamp menorah were found in a fire layer dating from around the middle of the 6th century. Representations of seven-armed candelabrum on amphorae and generally on containers were a sign that they contained a kosher food, i.e. suitable for consumption according to Halakha – a corpus of laws guiding activities of a Jew. Thus, the published amphorae attest to the presence of a Jewish community in the city in early Byzantine time and fill a chronological gap in a short list of archaeological and written evidence about the Jewish community of Phanagoria, moreover, the fact that the vessels were found at a fairly close distance from each other in a narrowly dated gated complex may indicate the presence of a Jewish quarter there. The finds are of particular importance due to the fact that the number of amphorae and other vessels with dipinti representing a menorah known to date is rather insignificant. Their findings are known only from excavations in several centres of the Northern Pontic and Palestine.

Keywords

Phanagoria, early Byzantine period, amphorae, menorah, Jewish community

Received

27.05.2021

Publication date

15.12.2021

Number of characters

23559

Cite

GOST	Golofast L. 6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria // Rossiiskaia arkheologiia – 2021. – Issue 4 C. 53-64 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ras.jes.su/ra/s086960630015242-5-1-en (circulation date: 25.04.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5
MLA	Golofast, Larisa A "6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria." Rossiiskaia arkheologiia 4 (2021):53-64. DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5
APA	Golofast L. (2021). 6th century Amphorae with Menorah Representation from Phanagoria. Rossiiskaia arkheologiia (4), pp.53-64 DOI: 10.31857/S086960630015242-5

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1	В ходе раскопок 2019 г. в Фанагории на участке Нижний город были найдены две амфоры с dipinto в форме семирожковой меноры. Оба сосуда, от которых сохранились верхние части тулова, довольно тонкостенные, очень аккуратно сформованные, имеют желобчатое тулово, высокое стройное цилиндрическое горло с западиной на внутренней стороне венчика и овальные в сечении ручки с двухскатной внешней поверхностью. У одной амфоры (рисунок, 1)¹, найденной внутри пифоса 1, – подтреугольный в сечении венчик с ребром вдоль внешнего края, у второй (рисунок, 2)², найденной в слое пожара (кв. В2, штык 21), – валикообразный венчик. На внутренней стороне обеих амфор – черное покрытие, местами с блеском; на внешней стороне – его подтеки.	1. Государственный музей-заповедник «Фанагория», ФМ-КП-71/8 А2131 ГК 20431181. 2. Государственный музей-заповедник «Фанагория», ФМ-КП-71/9 А2132 ГК 20431178.
2	Рис. Амфоры из слоя пожара середины VI в. в Фанагории. 1 – амфора (из пифоса 1): а – прорисовка профиля; б, в – фото разных сторон; г – дипинто в форме меноры; д – надпись, нанесенная красной краской, и ее прорисовка; 2 – амфора (кв. В2, штык 21): а – прорисовка профиля; б–г – фото разных сторон и прорисовка (б) дипинто в форме меноры. Pic. Amphorae (1, 2) from a fire layer of the middle of the 6^th century in Phanagoria
3	Глина амфор идентична: первая сделана из плотной, очень хорошо отмученной красновато-желтой глины с тонким темно-бежевым слоем у внешней поверхности и мелкими коричневыми и светлыми включениями; вторая – из плотной, очень хорошо отмученной красновато-бежевой глины с темно-серовато-коричневым слоем у внутренней поверхности и редкими мелкими коричневыми и светлыми включениями.
4	Оба сосуда найдены в слое пожара, в котором была керамика³, аналогичная материалу из слоя пожара, открытого в 1982–1985 гг. на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе (Атавин, 1993), и в ходе раскопок фундамента причального сооружения в акватории Фанагории (Голофаст, Ольховский, 2016). Сгоревший «в огне большого пожара, связанного с боевыми действиями» комплекс из двух зданий, открытый на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе, содержал керамику, которая, как отмечает автор раскопок, датируется началом-серединой VI в. (тип F, H формы 3 Фокейской краснолаковой посуды (тип 16 по классификации А.Г. Атавина). В слое также отмечены амфоры типа LRA1, красноглиняные корчажки со светлым ангобом, которые, скорее всего, соответствуют амфорам типа АДСВ-5, и др. (Атавин, 1993. C. 170). Одновременно с пожаром в городе, по-видимому, были разрушены и прекратили функционировать портовые сооружения: набор самой поздней, связанной с молом, керамики совпадает с таковым из слоя пожара, открытого на Береговом стратиграфическом раскопе и раскопе Нижний город (Голофаст, Ольховский, 2016).	3. Готовится подробная публикация материала из слоя пожара.
5	Традиционно исследователи связывают пожар и соответственно прекращение использования причальных сооружений с описанным Прокопием Кесарийским разрушением Фанагории и Кеп варварскими племенами, которое, по мнению исследователей, произошло в ходе восстания против вассала Византии варварского князя Горда (или Грода) и ответных действий против варваров византийских войск и флота, датирующихся по письменным источникам (Прокопий Кесарийский, Феофан и др.) 528 или 534 гг. (Сазанов, 1989. С. 58; Атавин, 1993. С. 170; Гавритухин, 2008. С. 365; Строков, 2009. С. 316; Чхаидзе, 2012. С. 122, сл.).

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