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Strongly profiled fibulae of the middle 3rd–4th century
 
PIIS086960630009953-7-1
DOI10.31857/S086960630009953-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Vladimir Yu. Malashev 
Occupation: senior researcher
Affiliation: Institute of Archaeology RAS
Address: Moscow, Russian Federation
Zalina Kadzaeva
Occupation: Researcher, archeology sector
Affiliation: Institute of History and Archaeology
Address: Vatutin street, 46, 362025, Vladikavkaz, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, Russia
Journal nameRossiiskaia arkheologiia
EditionIssue 2
Pages54-72
Abstract

The paper considers the chronology of late strongly profiled fibulae identified by A.K. Ambroz as variant 3 of series II within group 11. Previously, reliably documented complexes with their findings were known in the Lower Don and the Lower Volga regions, but recently a series of sets with these fibulae have been found in other territories, mainly in the North Caucasus, which gives grounds to revisit the issue of their chronology. The results of the analysis make it possible to state that the emergence of strongly profiled fibulae 11-II-3 occurs in the middle of the 3rd century; mass spreading outside the area of the Alan culture took place from the second half of the 3rd century, mainly not until the end of that century, and most of the finds date back to the 4th century; the upper limit of the functioning of these fibulae extends to the Hunnic time, but does not go beyond the 4th century.

Keywordsthe North Caucasus, the Lower Don, the Lower Volga, strongly profiled fibulae 11-II-3, the mid-3rd–4th c.
Received27.06.2021
Publication date28.06.2021
Number of characters28802
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1 Статья посвящена хронологии поздних образцов в эволюционном ряду сильнопрофилированных фибул, встречаемых преимущественно в комплексах Северного Кавказа, Нижнего Дона и Поволжья. Они выделены А.К. Амброзом в вариант 3 серии II группы 11 (Амброз, 1966. С. 42, 43) с датировкой “весь III в. н. э.”, с опорой на имеющиеся в распоряжении автора материалы (почти исключительно внекомплексные) из дореволюционных поступлений. А.С. Скрипкин при анализе фибул Нижнего Поволжья, используя критерии А.К. Амброза, но предложив свои обозначения и выделив их в вариант 2 типа II, пересмотрел свою прежнюю хронологическую оценку (перв. пол. – сер. III в.) на более позднюю: сер. – втор. пол. III в. (Скрипкин, 1977. С. 110; 114). Затронул вопрос датировки этих фибул и С.И. Безуглов в работе по анализу древностей нижнедонских степей втор. пол. III – IV в., отметив, что они встречены как в комплексах втор. пол. III в., так и с инвентарем IV в. н. э. (Безуглов, 2008. С. 287, 288).
2 Наиболее подробно датировка их рассмотрена И.О. Гавритухиным, который, проанализировав вещевой набор и обсудив дискуссионные вопросы хронологии ряда нижнедонских погребений втор. пол. III – IV в., предложил откорректированную хронологическую оценку (Гавритухин, 2010. С. 55, 56), акцентировав внимание на отнесении данных застежек преимущественно к IV в., и заметил, что остаются вопросы в отношении их нижней даты, и что в комплексах гуннского времени они неизвестны (Гавритухин, 2010. С. 56).
3 Значительная часть этих фибул является внекомплексными находками, неоднократно приведенными в публикациях (Амброз, 1966. С. 42, 43; Абрамова, 1997. Рис. 6, 1; 16, 4; 50, 3; 51, 1; 52, 1; 55, 3; 59, 1, 2; Гавритухин, 2010. Рис. 4, 6–8, 10–20, 22, 23); однако они не могут служить основанием для датировки. Преимущественно они происходят с Северного Кавказа и правомерно считаются продукцией его производственных центров (Амброз, 1966. С. 42), а именно, мастерских городищ аланской культуры (Габуев, Малашев, 2009. С. 134, 135).
4 До недавнего времени надежно документированные комплексы с рассматриваемыми здесь находками были известны почти исключительно на Нижнем Дону и в Нижнем Поволжье. Но в последнее десятилетие появилась серия погребений, содержащих подобные фибулы, с других территорий, преимущественно Северного Кавказа. Поэтому есть необходимость вернуться к обсуждению хронологии данных застежек с учетом всех известных материалов из документированных комплексов, происходящих как с территории “метрополии” (ареала памятников аланской культуры), так и соседних регионов, где фиксируются их находки.
5 Приведу несколько наблюдений, характеризующих морфологию фибул 11-II-3, не повторяя ранее отмеченные их диагностические признаки. Все застежки небольших размеров – 1.4–2.6 см (3 экз. – 3.0 см). Большинство имеют коленчатый изгиб спинки, но встречаются образцы и с плавно изогнутой спинкой; известны экземпляры с широкой пластинчатой спинкой без бусин на корпусе, в основном, из внекомплексных находок (Гавритухин, 2010. Рис. 4, 4, 5). Часть фибул не имеет бусин на корпусе (рис. 1, 2, 12) (Гавритухин, 2010. Рис. 4, 1–3), или отсутствует бусина у головки (рис. 1, 10; 5, 2; 6, 1, 2) (Гавритухин, 2010. Рис. 4, 8, 11, 20). У двух застежек отмечено декорирование спинки вставками (рис. 1, 2; 4, 11).

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