Brexit Scenarios and Trade in Pharmaceutical Products

 
PIIS086904990013996-7-1
DOI10.31857/S086904990013996-7
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Institute of Europe RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameObshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost
EditionIssue 1
Pages117-131
Abstract

The paper reviews different Brexit scenarios (from membership in the European Economic Area to a no-deal withdrawa)l in the context of trade in the pharmaceutical industry. It examines which consequences a trading relationship based on the WTO rules would have had on the pharmaceutical industry. The article stresses the importance of the mutual recognition principle and demonstrates its implementation in the European Union’s relations with third countries. The author concludes that the EU-UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement addresses the stakeholders’ major concerns. However, its application will require additional guidance from the parties and the element of competition is to strengthen.

KeywordsBrexit, European Union, Single Market, international trade, pharmaceutical market, European Commission, WTO, free trade agreements, tariff and non tariff barriers
Received25.02.2021
Publication date03.03.2021
Number of characters36668
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1 Обеспечение свободы торговли – одновременно и причина, и цель существования Европейского союза. Состояние будущих торговых отношений стало ключевым вопросом и в теме выхода Великобритании из ЕС. Несмотря на политическое значение процесса для европейского проекта, именно торговля находилась в центре переговоров. В декабре 2020 г. сторонам удалось прийти к масштабному торговому соглашению, определившему, как британские фармацевтические компании будут работать с европейскими клиентами и наоборот. Однако до последнего момента существовало несколько альтернативных сценариев. В данной статье предложено рассмотреть каждый из них с точки зрения появления тех или иных торговых ограничений для понимания возможностей и связанных с ними рисков.
2 В первой части исследованы факторы зависимости британской отрасли от единого внутреннего рынка. Большая часть их действует и в противоположном направлении, однако было правильным сосредоточиться именно на эффектах для Великобритании. Будучи инициатором перемен, эта страна и теперь имеет статус третьей по отношению к 27 государствам объединения. Вторая часть статьи посвящена договорным вариантам Брекзита: от маловероятного изначально членства в ЕЭЗ до заключенного в итоге экономического соглашения, выходящего за рамки классической зоны свободной торговли. Наконец, третья часть касается выхода Великобритании из ЕС без соглашения.
3

Значение европейского рынка для британской фармацевтической отрасли

4 В описании значения торговли для обеих сторон первым фактором неизменно остается ее объем. В 2019 г. Великобритания была третьим партнером ЕС-27 по объему экспорта и импорта медицинских и фармацевтических товаров (10% и 12%, соответственно)1. Общий объем европейского2 экспорта в этой категории составил 202,9 млрд евро, из которых в США – 64,8 млрд, в Швейцарию – 22,3 млрд евро, а в Соединенное Королевство – 20 млрд евро. В том же году двадцать семь стран импортировали продукции на 92,7 млрд евро, из них американской – на 29,2 млрд евро, швейцарской – на 29,8 млрд евро и британской – на 10,7 млрд евро [Eurostat 2021]. 1. Статья опирается на Международную стандартную торговую классификацию ООН (англ. SITC), четвертый пересмотренный вариант. Медицинская и фармацевтическая продукция представлена в отделе 54.

2. В исследовании прилагательное «европейский» относится к 27 странам-членам Европейского союза.
5 В финансовом выражении для Великобритании европейский рынок еще более значим [Хесин 2016, с. 16–17; Бажан 2017, с. 26]. В 2019 г. указанные выше цифры товарооборота с ЕС составили 46% экспорта фармацевтических товаров (в первую очередь в Германию, Нидерланды, Ирландию, Францию и Италию) и 76% импорта (главным образом из Нидерландов, Германии, Бельгии, Ирландии и Франции). В списке основных получателей британской продукции за Евросоюзом следуют США (23%), Китай (4%) и Япония (3%). Импортирует же Великобритания, помимо ЕС-27, преимущественно из Швейцарии (13%) и США (9%) [Eurostat 2021].
6 Фармацевтика – одна из главных экспортных отраслей Соединенного Королевства с долей в 6,5% [Barber 2019, p. 13]. Фармацевтические предприятия в Британии входят в списки крупнейших налогоплательщиков и работодателей среди всех отраслей, поэтому любые изменения в их финансовом положении серьезно скажутся на всей экономике. К примеру, с точки зрения рыночной капитализации AstraZeneca и GlaxoSmithKline заняли в 2020 г. второе и четвертое места, соответственно [Killian 2020]. По данным представителей фармацевтической ассоциации, от этой отрасли – по определению нетрудоемкой – сегодня зависит 63 тыс. рабочих мест (0,2% от общего числа занятых). Из них 24 тыс. задействованы в НИОКР [House of Commons 2020a; Office for National Statistics 2020]. В 2018 г. выпуск сектора составил 0,7% ВВП и 7% промышленного производства [Barber 2019, p. 11]. Вместе с тем производительность труда по валовой добавленной стоимости – 330 тыс. фунтов на одного работника [House of Commons 2020a].

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