The return of universal history

The aim of the article is to reveal new concepts and models, systems of argumentation, rethinking of main categories, orientation to new social disciplines and self-reflection of the world history in the 21st century. In the 1990s world history using the achievements of global and postcolonial studies has been radically transformed and, after several decades of existence in the backyards of historical science, has regained its leading position. Studies conducted in the framework of world history have established new directions that are the result of critical and postmodern revolutions in philosophy (postcolonial criticism, first of all) and rely on a number of concepts and approaches developed in the course of anthropological, linguistic and cultural twists and turns. The next transformation of the historical science in the 2000s and especially in the last decade is unusually favorable precisely for the development of world history. Firstly, it is the renewed need for broad contexts and large narratives. Secondly, the "spatial turn" in the social sciences and in historiography in particular. Thirdly, the awakened interest of historians in the metaphysics of time and the idea of multitemporality.

Keywords

world history, global history, universal history, postcolonial research, historical space, time, multitemporality, transfer

Received

05.08.2018

Publication date

15.03.2019

Number of characters

31143

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GOST	Savelieva I. The return of universal history // Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost – 2019. – Issue 1 C. 115-130 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://ons-journal.ru/S086904990000385-5-1 (circulation date: 24.04.2024). DOI: 10.31857/S086904990000385-5
MLA	Savelieva, Irina "The return of universal history." Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost 1 (2019):115-130. DOI: 10.31857/S086904990000385-5
APA	Savelieva I. (2019). The return of universal history. Obshchestvennye nauki i sovremennost (1), pp.115-130 DOI: 10.31857/S086904990000385-5

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1	В 60–70 гг. XX в., когда историческая наука радикально трансформировалась, всемирная история не фигурировала в списке “новых научных” (оснащенных передовыми социальными теориями и точными методами) исторических субдисциплин. Наивная и старомодная, она оставалась в рамках традиции и скрывалась в тени универсалистских концепций, разработанных в философии истории. В основе всемирной истории лежали идеи универсальности, линейности, цикличности, стадиальности, прогресса, европоцентризма и т.д. (О. Шпенглер, А. Тойнби, Г. Уэллс, П. Сорокин, Ф. Нортроп, К. Ясперс, А. Крёбер, Э. Фёгелин и др). На их основе создавались многочисленные всемирные истории, включая истории цивилизаций, которые, начиная с 1960-х гг., уже никак не соотносились с бурными процессами сциентизации исторической науки. В результате случилось так, что в середине ХХ в. “новую” всемирную историю писали скорее исторические социологи, создатели макросоциологических моделей перехода от традиционного общества к модерному (Б. Мур, Т. Скокпол, М. Манн, И. Валллерстайн, Ч. Тилли, Ш. Эйзенштадт и др.).
2	Эта ситуация была явно ненормальной, учитывая важное место, которое всеобщая история занимала в исторической науке со времен формирования этой дисциплины, да и ранее в эпоху донаучного исторического знания, начиная с провозвестника этого направления в исторических работах – Эфора (IV в. до н.э.). Многотомные “Всеобщие истории” в XIX в. писались в одиночку (особенно преуспевали в этом немецкие ученые) и большими коллективами (например, известные серии “Кембриджской истории”) и представляли собой компендиумы национальных историй. Эта традиция сохранялась на протяжении всего XX в., и ее потрясающую живучесть можно объяснить только не менее потрясающей любознательностью как ее продолжателей, так и читателей, круг которых, конечно, не ограничивается профессионалами. Тем не менее, как и в случае с политической историей, именно устойчивость традиции препятствовала трансформации всеобщей истории в “новую научную”, встраиванию ее в процесс “сциентизации” 1960–1970-х гг..
3	Только в 1982 г. в рамках Американской исторической ассоциации (American Historical association – AHA) создается Ассоциация всемирной истории (World History Association – WHA) с намерением представлять “новую научную” всемирную историю, хотя в то время еще очень немногие историки, самые известные среди них У. Макнил и Л. Ставрианос писали всеобщую историю действительно по-иному [McNeill 1964; Stavrianos 1989]. Знаковым событием в процессе становления “новой всемирной истории” можно считать создание в 1990 г. нового журнала Journal of World History¹ с радикально обновленной программой исследований. Всемирная история, миновав революцию в историографии 1960-х гг., оказывается в ситуации следующей по времени “смены вех”. Преображение субдисциплины начинается на фоне культурного поворота и развития постколониальных исследований в 1990-е гг., когда противники лингвистического поворота сначала по любому поводу использовали слово “postcolonialism” как бранное [Eley 2005, p. 186]. Однако возглавивший издание Дж. Бентли (очень известный “всеобщник”, далекий от постколониальных и глобальных исследований) почувствовал необходимость решительной актуализации тематики, подходов и оснований всемирной истории и новых веяний не побоялся.	1. Он издается с 2000 г. “Zeitschrift für Weltgeschichte. Interdisziplinäre Perspektiven” (издательство Peter Lang); издательство Кембриджского университета c 2006 г. издает “Journal of Global History”. Гавайский тихоокеанский университет, выпускающий “Journal of World History”, с 2004 г. издает электронное издание “World History Connected”.

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