The Officer Corps of the British Navy in the Observations and Assessments of Russian Representatives to the Grand Fleet, 1914–1918

 
PIIS013038640019507-5-1
DOI10.31857/S013038640019507-5
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Institute of Russian History, RAS
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameNovaia i noveishaia istoriia
EditionIssue 1
Pages70-84
Abstract

In this article, the author examines the assessment of the Royal Navy’s command staff contained in official reports, correspondence, memoirs, and diaries of naval officers Mikhail Kedrov, Mikhai Smirnov, Gustav von Schultz, and Sergei Izenbek, who were official Russian representatives to the Grand Fleet during the Great War. The purpose of this article is to summarise the views of representatives of the Russian Navy on the traditions, general and professional culture of British naval officers, the level of their maritime, special and tactical training, the specifics of their mentality, service subordination, relationships in a naval environment, the ways of service and everyday life. Considerable differences in the professional qualities of the officers of the British and Russian fleets were noted, stemming mainly from the different principles of recruitment and training of the command staff, as well as the growing distrust of the British naval corporation towards Russia as an ally during the war. The author concludes that professional analysis of the strengths and weaknesses of the Royal Navy's command staff significantly complemented and updated the image of the British ally formed in the Russian naval milieu during the Great War and in the years following, and contributed to a more balanced self-assessment of Russian naval personnel.

KeywordsWorld War I, Great Britain, Navy, Russia, officers, Entente, mentality, perception, interpersonal relations, professional culture
Received15.11.2022
Publication date28.02.2023
Number of characters38920
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Number of purchasers: 0, views: 176

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Airapetov O.R. Kontekst odnoi propagandistskoi aktsii 1914 goda [The Context of One Propaganda Action in 1914] // Russkii sbornik. Issledovaniya po istorii Rossii XIX–XX vv. [Russian Collection. Studies in the History of Russia in the 19th–20th Centuries] 2004. Vol. I. S. 93–134. (In Russ.)

2. Bazhanov D.A. Angliiskii i rossiiskii flot glazami russkih predstavitelei pri Grand Fleet (1915–1917 gg.) [British and Russian Navies through the Eyes of Russian Representatives at the Grand Fleet (1915–1917)] // Peterburgskie voenno-istoricheskie chteniya. S.-Peterburg, 20 marta 2015 [Petersburg Military-Historical Readings. Interuniversity Scientific Conference. St. Petersburg, March 20, 2015]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2016. S. 95–100. (In Russ.)

3. Bocharov A.A., Emelin A.Yu. Legendy kreisera “Magdeburg” [Legends of the Cruiser “Magdeburg”] // Tsitadel’ [Citadel]. 2002. Vol. 10. S. 33–44. (In Russ.)

4. Corbett J. Operatsii angliiskogo flota v mirovuiu voinu [History of the Great War. Naval Operations.]. Leningrad, 1927. (In Russ.)

5. Derenkovskii G.M. Franko-russkaia morskaia konventsia 1912 g. i anglo-husskie morskie peregovory nakanune pervoi mirovoi voiny [French-Russian Naval Convention of 1912 and British-Russian Naval Negotiations on the Eve of World War I] // Istoricheskie zapiski [Historical Records]. 1949. Vol. 29. S. 80–122. (In Russ.)

6. Doklady b. ministra in. del S.D. Cazonova Nikolaiu Romanovu. 1910–1912 gg. [Reports of the Former Minister of Foreign Affairs S.D. Sazonov to Nikolai Romanov. 1910–1912] // Krasnyi arhiv [The Red Archive]. 1923. Vol. 3. S. 1–28. (In Russ.)

7. Emme V. Period kreiserskih pohodov i ozhidanie general’nogo srazhenia na Tsentral’noi pozistii. 13–26 iulia po 24 avgusta – 6 sentiabria 1914 g. [The Period of Cruisers’ Operations and the Expectation of a General Battle in the Central Position. 13/26 July to 24 August / 6 September 1914] // Voenno-Morskaia Komissia po issledovaniu i ispol’zovaniu opyta voiny 1914–1918 gg. na more. Sbornik № 2 [Naval Commission for the Study and Use of the Experience of the War 1914–1918 at sea. Collection № 2]. Petrograd, 1922. S. 127–178. (In Russ.)

8. Flot v pervoi mirovoi voine. T. 1. Deistvia russkogo flota [Navy in World War I. Vol. 1. The Operations of the Russian Navy]. Moskva, 1964. (In Russ.)

9. Gilbert M. Pervaia mirovaia voina [The First World War]. Moskva, 2016. (In Russ.)

10. Golubev A.V., Porshneva O.S. Obraz souznika v soznanii rossiiskogo obshestva v kontekste mirovyh voin [The Ally’s Image in the Minds of Russian Society in the Context of World Wars]. Moskva, 2011. (In Russ.)

11. Grebenshikova G.A. Rossiiskie volontery v britanskom flote [Russian Volunteers in the British Navy] // Morskoi sbornik [Naval Collection]. 2014. № 7. S. 85–91. (In Russ.)

12. Grebenshikova G.A. Rossiiskii flot i diplomatia Ekateriny II [Russian Navy and Diplomacy of Catherine II]. Vol. 2. Sankt-Peterburg, 2020. (In Russ.)

13. Ignat’ev A.V. Nezavershennyi etap (k istorii russko-angliiskih peregovorov 1914 goda) [An Unfinished Stage (on the History of Russian-English Negotiations in 1914)] // Istoria SSSR [History of the USSR]. 1960. № 3. S. 107–119. (In Russ.)

14. Kedrov M.A. Moia avtobiografia. 1878–1933 gg. [My Autobiography. 1878–1933] / vstup. st., komment. D.Iu. Kozlova, L.I. Petrushevoi, V.A. Boltrukevicha. Moskva, 2020. (In Russ.)

15. Korbett Iu. Operatsii angliiskogo flota v mirovuiu voinu. T. 1 [The operations of the British Navy in the World War. Vol. 1] / per. s angl. M.L. Bertensona, predisl. M.A. Petrova. Leningrad, 1927. (In Russ.)

16. Korelin A.P., Pavlov D.B. Rossiiskie vooruzhennye sily v mezhvoennyi period. Problemy voenno-strategicheskogo planirovania [Russian Armed Forces in the Interwar Period. Problems of Strategic Planning] // Rossia v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny: ekonomicherskoe polozhenie, sotsial’nye protsessy, politicheskii krizis [Russia during the First World War: Economic Situation, Social Processes, Political Crisis] / otv. red. Iu.A. Petrov. Moskva, 2014. S. 61–84. (In Russ.)

17. Kovalev E.A. Razrabotka i osvoenie rossiiskimi povodnikami zalpovoi torpednoi strel’by veerom [Development and Mastering of Salvo Torpedo Firing by a Spread by Russian Submariners] // Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal [Military History Magazine]. 2006. № 1. S. 24–28. (In Russ.)

18. Kozlov D.Yu. Britanskie podvodnye lodki v Baltiiskom more. 1914–1918 gody [British Submarines in the Baltic Sea. 1914–1918]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2006. (In Russ.)

19. Kozlov D.Yu., Emelin A.Yu. Voenno-morskoe sotrudnichestvo Rossii i stran Antanty nakanune i v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny [Naval Cooperation between Russia and the Entente Countries on the Eve and during the First World War] // Rossia v strategii Pervoi mirovoi voiny. Kniga 1. Rossia v strategii Antanty [Russia in the Strategy of the First World War. Vol. 1. Russia in the Entente strategy]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2004. S. 265–302. (In Russ.)

20. Kozlov D.Yu., Podsobliaev E.F., Gribovskii V.Yu. “Dolzhen priznat’… chto k delu razvitia morskoi sily Kolchak imel gromadnoe vlianie”. K voprosu ob effektivnosti upravlenia silami flota vitse-admiralom A.V. Kolchakom [“I Must Admit ... that Kolchak had a Huge Influence on the Development of Naval Power”. On the Issue of the Effectiveness of Command and Control of the Fleet Forces by Vice Admiral A.V. Kolchak] // Voenno-istoricheskii zhurnal [Military History Magazine]. 2006. № 2. S. 28–36. (In Russ.)

21. Krest’aninov V. Ya. Chernomorskii flot v Pervoi mirovoi voine 1914–1918 godov [Black Sea Fleet in World War I 1914–1918]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2021. (In Russ.)

22. Liharev D.V. Flot I morskoe vedomstvo Velikobritanii na puti k Pervoi mirovoi voine. 1900–1914 [The Navy and the Naval Ministry of Great Britain on the Way to the First World War. 1900–1914]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2021. (In Russ.)

23. Liharev D.V. Tsusimskoe srazhenie 14–15 maia 1905 g. Istoriografia problemy [Battle of Tsushima May 14–15, 1905. Historiography of the Problem]. Ussuriisk, 2009. (In Russ.)

24. Lorey H. Operatsii germano-turetskih morskih sil v 1914–1918 gg. [Operations of the German-Turkish Naval Forces in 1914–1918]. Moskva, 1938. (In Russ.)

25. Loviagin A. Anglo-russkaia morskaia konventsia (K materialam po istorii podgotovki Rossii k mirovoi voine na more) [British-Russian Naval Convention (On Materials on the History of Russia’s Preparations for a World War at Sea)] // Morskoi sbornik [Naval Collection]. 1929. № 2. S. 60–67. (In Russ.)

26. Luneva Yu.V. Anglo-rossiiskie morskie peregovory nakanune Pervoi mirovoi voiny (1914 god) [British-Russian Naval Negotiations on the Eve of the First World War (1914)] // Rossia i Brinania. Vyp. 4. Sviazi i vzaimnye predstavlenia. XIX–XX veka [Russia and Britain. Vol. 4. Connections and Mutual Representations. 19th–20th Centuries.]. Moskva, 2006. S. 194–206. (In Russ.)

27. Mirovye voiny XX veka. Kn. 2. Pervaia mirovaia noina. Dokumenty i materialy [World Wars of the 20th Century. Vol. 2. World War I. Documents and Materials]. Moskva, 2002. (In Russ.)

28. Nazarenko K.B. Baltiiskii flot v revoliutsii. 1917–1918 gg. [The Baltic Fleet in Revolution. 1917–1918]. Moskva; Sankt-Peterburg, 2017. (In Russ.)

29. Novikova I.N. “Mezhdu molotom i nakoval’nei”. Shvetsia v germano-rossiiskom protivostoianii na Baltike v gody Pervoi mirovoi voiny [“Between the Hammer and the Anvil”. Sweden in the German-Russian Confrontation in the Baltic during the First World War] / pod red. Iu.G. Akimova. Sankt-Peterburg, 2006. (In Russ.)

30. Partala M.A. Rify i mify ostrova Odenshol’m. K istorii zahvata sekretnyh dokumentov germanskogo flota na kreisere “Magdeburg” [Reefs and Myths of Odensholm Island. On the History of the Capture of Secret Documents of the German Navy on the Cruiser “Magdeburg”] // Zashita informatsii. INSIDE [Data Protection. INSIDE]. 2007. № 1. S. 84–90; № 2. S. 80–86. (In Russ.)

31. Pavlovich N.B. Razvitie taktiki voenno-morskogo flota. Ch. II (ot russko-iaponskoi do pervoi mirovoi voiny) [The Evolution of Naval Tactics. Vol. II (from the Russo-Japanese to World War I)]. Moskva, 1979. (In Russ.)

32. Petrov M.A. Dva boia [Two Battles]. Leningrad, 1926. (In Russ.)

33. Rupasov A.I. Germano-shvedskie kontakty o zakliuchenii voennogo soiuza (1910–1915 gg.) [German-Swedish Contacts on the Conclusion of a Military Alliance (1910–1915)] // Pervaia mirovaia voina i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia. Sbornik [World War I and International Relations. Collection]. Sankt-Peterburg, 1995. S. 30–40. (In Russ.)

34. Sazonov S.D. Vospominania [Memories]. Minsk, 2002. (In Russ.)

35. Sergeev E.Yu. Imperskie voennye elity Rossii i Velikobritanii v kontse XIX – nachale XX veka: opyt sravnitel’nogo analiza [Imperial Military Elites of Russia and Great Britain in the Late 19th – Early 20th Centuries: an Experience of Comparative Analysis] // Rossia i Brinania. Vyp. 4. Sviazi i vzaimnye predstavlenia. XIX–XX veka [Russia and Britain. Vol. 4. Connections and Mutual Representations. 19th–20th Centuries.]. Moskva, 2006. S. 228–247. (In Russ.)

36. Shul’ts G.K., von. S angliiskim flotom v mirovuiu voinu. Vospominania predstavitelia russkogo flota pri Grand Flite [With the British Navy in the World War. Memoirs of a Representative of the Russian Navy at the Grand Fleet]. Sankt-Peterburg, 2000. (In Russ.)

37. Tabarovskaia K.A. Rossiisko-shvedskie otnoshenia nakanune Pevoi mirovoi voiny (1905–1914 gg.) Politicheskii, ekonomicheskii, voennyi aspekty. Po materialam rossiiskih arhivov: dis. … kand. ist. nauk [Russian-Swedish Relations on the Eve of the First World War (1905–1914). Political, Economic, Military Aspects. Based on the Materials of the Russian Archives: Dissertation PhD]. Moskva, 2009. (In Russ.)

38. Tomashevich A.V. Podvodnye lodki v operatsiah russkogo flota na Baltiiskom more v 1914–1915 gg. [Submarines in the Operations of the Russian Fleet in the Baltic Sea in 1914–1915]. Moskva; Leningrad, 1939. (In Russ.)

39. [Sheglov A.N.] Znachenie i rabota shtaba na osnovanii opyta russko-iaponskoy voiny [The Role and Work of the Headquarters Based on the Experience of the Russo-Japanese War]. [Sankt-Peterburg, 1906]. (In Russ.)

40. Vinogradov K.B. Burzhuaznaia istoriografia pervoi morovoi voiny. Proishozhdenie voiny i mezhdunarodnye otnoshenia 1914–1917 gg. [Bourgeois Historiography of the First World War. Origins of War and International Relations 1914–1917] / pod red. I.S. Galkina. Moskva, 1962. (In Russ.)

41. Vinogradov S.E. Lineinyi korabl’ “Imperatritsa Maria”. Legenda dlinoi v stoletie [Battleship “Imperatritsa Maria”. A Century Long Legend]. Moskva, 2017. (In Russ.)

42. Zavialov I. Prakticheskie strel’by i manevry russkih podvodnyh lodok pered Pervoi mirovoi voinoi [Practical Firing and Maneuvers of Russian Submarines before the First World War] // Morskoi sbornik [Naval Collection]. 2022. № 3. S. 78–89. (In Russ.)

43. Zeleneva I.V., Ponomareva T.I. Dnevnik S.A. Izenbeka kak istochnik po istorii voenno-morskogo sotrudnichestva Rossii i Velikobritanii v 1916–1917 gg. [S.A. Izenbek’s Diary as a Source on the History of Naval Cooperation between Russia and Great Britain in 1916–1917] // Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta [Bulletin of Tomsk State University]. 2020. № 450. S. 102–111. (In Russ.)

44. Dönitz K. Mein wechselvolles Leben. Göttingen, 1968.

45. Koop G., Schmolke K.-P. Kleine Kreuzer 1903–1918 (BREMEN-bis CÖLN-Klasse). Bonn, 2004.

46. Langensiepen B., Güleryüz A. The Ottoman Steam Navy 1828–1923. London, 1995.

47. Langensiepen B., Nottelmann D., Krüsmann J. Halbmond und Kaiseradler: Goeben und Breslau am Bosporus 1914–1918. Hamburg; Berlin; Bonn, 1999.

48. O’Hara V.P., Heinz L.R. Clash of Fleets. Naval Battles of the Great War, 1914–18. Annapolis, 2017.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up