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Natural Gas Exports Legal Regulation under the Foreign Legislation
 
Код статьиS231243500028017-6-1
DOI10.61525/S231243500027971-6
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Кошман Сергей Сергеевич 
Должность: Postgraduate Student, Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization V.A. Musin Research Center for the Development of Energy Law and Modern Legal Science
Аффилиация: Autonomous Non-Commercial Organization V.A. Musin Research Center for the Development of Energy Law and Modern Legal Science
Адрес: Российская Федерация, Москва
Название журналаПравовой энергетический форум
ВыпускВыпуск № 3
Страницы19-26
Аннотация

The study of legal regulation of natural gas export relations in foreign countries and the factors influencing the formation of a particular system of legal regulation of such relations, identification of common approaches and differences in different legal systems constitute an urgent task of energy law. In order to study the different approaches to the regulation of natural gas export, this article examines the legal regulation systems that have been developed in the leading countries exporting this energy resource, such as Norway and the USA, as well as in the countries where the technological and legal framework for natural gas export is being formed, with Argentina as an example. The results of the study show that natural gas export in all the countries considered is subject to the appropriate permit issued by an authorized state body.

The formation of the system of legal regulation of natural gas export is influenced by many economic and legal factors, the most important of which are: level of demand for natural gas in domestic market of an exporting country; existence of international treaties with importers that provide grounds for exemption from customs duties and unhindered export of natural gas; availability of sufficient explored natural gas reserves and technologies of natural gas extraction in an exporting country. The features of natural gas export regulation in foreign legal systems reviewed in this article can be considered when improving natural gas export regulation in the Russian Federation.

Ключевые словаenergy law, gas law, legal regulation of gas export
Получено14.07.2023
Дата публикации12.10.2023
Кол-во символов18687
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1 The study of legal regulation of natural gas export relations in foreign countries and the factors influencing the formation of a particular system of legal regulation of such relations, identification of common approaches and differences in different legal systems constitute an urgent task of energy law.
2 V.V. Romanova rightly notes that the legal regulation of the use of energy resources, features of the legal regime of energy resources, requirements for energy saving and energy efficiency should be in accordance with the goals of scientific and technological development, energy security and strengthening of the energy legal order at the national and international levels. It is necessary to improve the legal regulation in this area, taking into account the results of legal analysis of foreign legislation and practice of its application [1].
3 Certain aspects of legal regulation of public relations in exporting natural gas are studied by foreign scientists. [2]
4 R.J. Heffron is right when he draws attention to the fact that energy law in all countries of the world should have similar rules, because it is based on the same universally used technologies. The differences are to be found in the energy resources that the countries possess and also in the intended energy structure of a given country. [3]
5 The leading countries currently exporting natural gas through pipelines are the Russian Federation, Norway, the USA, Algeria, Canada, Argentina, and Turkmenistan.
6 This article examines the regulatory systems that have emerged in the leading exporters of this energy resource, such as Norway and the USA, and in countries that are developing the technological and legal framework for natural gas export, using Argentina as an example, in order to examine the different approaches to regulating natural gas export.
7 (a) Legal regulation of natural gas export from Argentina
8 Natural gas production in Argentina has increased steadily over the past five years, primarily due to increased production from the Vaca Muerta shale deposit.
9 The Vaca Muerta deposit has the world’s largest shale gas reserves — 8.7 trillion cubic meters of gas, according to the U.S. Department of Energy. However, only 4 % of the project area has been developed to date.
10 As production has increased, Argentina has resumed exporting natural gas through pipelines to neighboring Chile and Brazil. [4]
11 Pursuant to Article 3 of Argentine Natural Gas Law No. 24.076, natural gas export shall be authorized by the competent executive body within ninety (90) days of receipt of the interested party’s request, provided that such authorization does not adversely affect the domestic supply of natural gas. In such case, the silence of the authorized body shall constitute consent. Exporters shall provide copies of the relevant contracts to the authorized natural gas regulator. [5]
12 According to Article 6 of Argentine Hydrocarbons Law No. 17.319 [6], the executive authorities may authorize the export of hydrocarbons that are not required to adequately meet the needs of the domestic market, provided that such exports are made at reasonable commercial prices, and in this situation may establish criteria that will regulate transactions in the domestic market to ensure the rational and equitable participation of all producers in the country.
13 In 2020, Argentina adopted Decree No. 890/2020 (hereinafter referred to as the Decree) approving the Plan for the Facilitation of Natural Gas Production Based on Supply and Demand for 2020–2024 (hereinafter referred to as the Gas.Ar Plan) [7].
14 Article 1 of the Decree declares that the facilitation of natural gas production in Argentina is a national public interest and a priority of the Argentine Republic.
15 Article 4(c) of the Decree establishes the basic principles, criteria and conditions for natural gas export from Argentina under the Gas.Ar Plan. The Decree establishes that companies producing natural gas and participating in the Gas.Ar Plan may be offered preferential export conditions on a permanent basis up to a total volume of eleven million cubic meters (11,000,000 m3) per day, only during the non-winter period.
16 At the same time, according to clause 6.23 of the Gas.Ar Plan, the winter season is the period from May 1 to September 30. Consequently, natural gas may be exported from Argentina from October 1 to April 30 (the summer season according to clause 6.24 of the Gas.Ar Plan).
17 Legal entities producing natural gas in Argentina may join the Gas.Ar Plan. By joining the Gas.Ar Plan, such legal entities commit to produce certain amounts of natural gas for a period of four years. Clause 6.45 of the Gas.Ar Plan establishes the Total Baseline Volume of natural gas production in Argentina, which is the objective of the Gas.Ar Plan. The Total Baseline Volume is 70,000,000 m3/day for a period of four years.
18 Clause 73 of the Gas.Ar Plan establishes that, if the Total Baseline Volume (of production) is covered, the legal entities participating in the Gas.Ar Plan will have a priority right to export natural gas on a firm basis.

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1. Romanova V.V. Tasks of Further Development of Legal Regulation of Energy Resources Use to Strengthen the Energy Law and Order / V.V. Romanova // Energy Law Forum. – 2020. – No. 3. – P. 11–15.
2. Francisco A Macías, Pablo A Artagaveytia, Gonzalo Santamaría, Protection for natural gas exports to develop Argentina’s unconventional resources potential, The Journal of World Energy Law & Business, Volume 12, Issue 5, October 2019, Pages 356–364
3. Heffron, R.D. Energy Law in the Period from 2020 to 2030 (Part 1) / R.D. Heffron // Energy Law Forum. – 2020. – No. 2. – P. 30–34.
4. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=40093 
5. https://www.argentina.gob.ar/normativa/nacional/ley-24076-475/actualizacion 
6. http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/15000-19999/16078/texact.htm#1 
7. http://servicios.infoleg.gob.ar/infolegInternet/anexos/340000-344999/344229/norma.htm 
8. Klass, Alexandra B. and Shantal Pai. “The Law of Energy Exports.” U.S. Constitutional Law: Separation of Powers & Federalism eJournal (2020): P. 744
9. Jonathan J. Pierce, Hilary Boudet, Chad Zanocco, Megan Hillyard, Analyzing the factors that influence U.S. public support for exporting natural gas, Energy Policy, Volume 120, 2018, Pages 666–674. P. 666
10. In 2020, 68.8 % of natural gas (about 56.4 billion cubic meters) was exported by pipeline to Mexico and 32.2 % (about 25.5 billion cubic meters) to Canada. https://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/NG_MOVE_EXPC_S1_A.htm 
11. Natural Gas Act of June 21, 1938, c. 556, 52 Stat. 821 (15 U.S.C. 717 et seq.)
12. Natural Gas Act (NGA) 717b(a).
13. Natural Gas Act (NGA) 717b(a).
14. CFR Part 590 - ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES WITH RESPECT TO THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF NATURAL GAS
15. https://www.energy.gov/fecm/how-obtain-authorization-import-andor-export-natural-gas-and-lng 
16. CFR Part 590 - ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES WITH RESPECT TO THE IMPORT AND EXPORT OF NATURAL GAS § 590.201 (b)
17. The Energy Policy Act of 1992 P.L. 102–486.
18. Agreement between the United States of America, the United Mexican States and Canada Text. Available at: https://ustr.gov/trade-agreements/free-trade-agreements/united-states-mexico-canada-agreement/agreement-between 
19. https://ustr.gov/sites/default/files/files/Press/fs/USMCA/USMCA-Energy.pdf 
20. The total length of the Norwegian gas pipeline network is approximately 8,800 kilometers. https://www.norskpetroleum.no/en/production-and-exports/exports-of-oil-and-gas/#natural-gas 
21. https://iclg.com/practice-areas/oil-and-gas-laws-and-regulations/norway 
22. https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/business-sites/en/global/corporate/pdfs/energy-economics/statistical-review/bp-stats-review-2022-full-report.pdf 
23. https://www.efta.int/sites/default/files/documents/Vaduz_Convention_Agreement_Updated_1_November_2021.pdf 
24. https://www.efta.int/About-EFTA/EFTA-through-years-747 
25. The Agreement on the European Economic Area https://www.efta.int/media/documents/legal-texts/eea/the-eea-agreement/Main%20Text%20of%20the%20Agreement/EEAagreement.pdf 
26. https://www.npd.no/en/regulations/acts/act-29-november-1996-no2.-72-relating-to-petroleum-activities/#Section-11-1 
27. The Norwegian Oil and Gas Register is set in accordance with the Regulation on the Oil and Gas Register of June 19, 1997, the establishment of which is stipulated in Article 6.1 of the Norwegian Oil and Gas Activities Act https://www.npd.no/en/regulations/regulations/petrole

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