All
 
|
 
 


Trade-Economic and Scientific-Technical Relations Between the USA and the USSR During the Years of Detente (Review of Russian Studies, 1972–2022)
 
PIIS013122270025699-9-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-3-116-129
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Valery Yungblyud 
Affiliation: Vyatka State University
Address: 36, Moskovskaya Str., Kirov, 610000, Russian Federation
Dmitrii V. Il'in
Affiliation: Vyatka State University
Address: 36, Moskovskaya Str., Kirov, 610000, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 67 Issue 3
Pages116-129
Abstract

Russian historians, political scientists and experts in the field of international relations theory have been developing the topic of interaction between the USSR and the USA in the economic, scientific and technical field during the years of detente in bilateral relations for 50 years. Nevertheless, to date, the experience of working together within the framework of a large-scale research agenda in various fields of science, accumulated by scientists of the two countries, has not been properly evaluated. This review attempts to assess the place of these contacts in the structure of the Soviet-American detente and to characterize the main stages of the evolution in Russian historiography of this problem. An important provision for understanding the specifics of the scientific and technical context of the Soviet-American detente is that the differences in approaches of Moscow and Washington to the formation of bilateral relations as a whole were most clearly manifested in this very direction. The obvious discrepancy between the goals of the parties, as well as their different understanding of the essence of detente as a special state of bilateral relations, led to the fact that its results were limited, and the process itself was short. A cross-cutting, unifying element of Russian research on this topic for almost 50 years has been the fixation on the opened but missed opportunities for scientific and technical cooperation between superpowers during the period of relative warming of relations. This motive does not allow us to explain why, against the background of somewhat inflated expectations of Soviet politicians and intellectuals, American and European contemporaries pointed out the USSR lagging behind in the development and introduction of new technologies into production in the second half of the 1970s, and, as a result, its vulnerable position in the bargaining process. The question is left unanswered as well: should the temporary rise of U.S.-Soviet economic, scientific and technical cooperation be considered a natural stage in the development of international relations, or was it a historical anomaly, an optional by-product of the Cold War? It is noted that each stage of the development of Russian historiography was associated with the expansion of the source base, however, since the publication of the last major works in the 1990s – early 2000s, access to available documentary resources on this subject has significantly expanded. The authors conclude that new archival documents, as well as the increasing role of high technologies and breakthrough discoveries in the modern foreign policy process, encourage additional study on the problems of bilateral American-Soviet scientific and technological cooperation in the 1970s.

Keywordshistoriography of the Cold War, detente, scientific and technical ties, Soviet-American trade
AcknowledgmentThe article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project no. 22-28-01876 «The Interaction of the Superpowers in the Field of Science, Technics and Technologies during “Global Seventies”» (https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-28-01876/).
Received23.05.2023
Publication date23.05.2023
Number of characters35775
Cite  
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.
Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной
1 Введение
2 Разрядка международной напряженности является одним из самых событийно насыщенных и противоречивых периодов истории холодной войны. Этому феномену посвящены десятки научных работ, изданных как в СССР/России, так и за рубежом. Но на фоне весьма основательной изученности соперничества сверхдержав в военно-стратегической и идеологической сферах довольно скромно и выборочно выглядят достижения в исследовании таких важных аспектов их взаимодействия, как торговля, наука и технологии.
3 Соседство двух разнородных тем – двусторонней торговли и научно-технических связей – может показаться неочевидным. Однако, на наш взгляд, две эти сферы межгосударственного взаимодействия целесообразно рассматривать в единой связке, прежде всего – из-за их “многослойности” и взаимного проникновения. Авторы коллективной монографии “Глобальная стратегия США в условиях научно-технической революции”, опубликованной в 1979 г., приводят следующую классификацию международных научно-технических связей: 1) обмены публикациями и иной научной информацией; 2) международные научные форумы, обмены учеными и техническими специалистами; 3) международное научно-техническое сотрудничество с проведением совместных научных исследований и опытно-конструкторских разработок; 4) обмен технологиями и передовым производственным опытом на коммерческой основе (лицензии, консультирование, помощь в проектировании и строительстве объектов); 5) торговля товарами наукоемких отраслей экономики; 6) крупномасштабное долговременное промышленное сотрудничество, ориентированное на создание техники и технологий завтрашнего дня [1, сс. 357-358].
4 Торговые отношения в 1960–1980-е годы воспринимались как неотъемлемая часть многогранного комплекса международного научно-технического сотрудничества. В то же время собственно научные исследования и технологические инновации чаще всего оценивались с точки зрения их экономической эффективности и предполагаемого коммерческого использования. Современные исследования дискуссий конца 1960-х годов по поводу основных направлений плана развития народного хозяйства СССР на девятую пятилетку (1971–1975 гг.), в которых помимо Госплана СССР самое активное участие принимали Академия наук СССР и Государственный комитет по науке и технике (ГКНТ), показывают, что разработчики этих планов, следуя рекомендациям экспертов из Института мировой экономики и международных отношений (ИМЭМО) и Института США АН СССР1, в качестве отправных определяли такие параметры, как экономическая эффективность научных исследований, целесообразность инвестирования в научные разработки, научная организация труда, обоснованные масштабы приобретения иностранных лицензий на наукоемкую продукцию, технологический трансфер и прочее. Причем в качестве ориентира в развитии и образца для сравнения в этих дискуссиях, как правило, использовались научно-технические достижения и инновационный опыт Соединенных Штатов Америки [2]. 1. С 1975 г. – Институт США и Канады АН СССР.

Number of purchasers: 4, views: 320

Readers community rating: votes 0 

1. Arbatov G.A. i dr., red. Global'naya strategiya SShA v usloviyakh nauchno-tekhnicheskoj revolyutsii. Moskva, Mysl', 1979. 452 s. Arbatov G.A. et al, eds. The U.S. Global Strategy in the Context of the Scientific and Technological Revolution. Moscow, Mysl', 1979. 452 p. (In Russ.)
2. Lipkin M.A., Kuz'michev I.P. Kosyginskaya reforma kak “okno vozmozhnostej” dlya nauchno-tekhnologicheskogo ryvka SSSR? Ehlektronnyj nauchno-obrazovatel'nyj zhurnal “Istoriya”, 2022, t. 13, vyp. 7 (117). Lipkin M.A., Kuz'michev I.P. The Kosygin Reforms: a “Window of Opportunity” for the Soviet Scientific and Technological Breakthrough? The Electronic Journal of Education and Science “Istoriya”, 2022, vol. 13, iss. 7 (117). (In Russ.) Available at: https://history.jes.su/S207987840022366-1-1  (accessed 14.10.2022). DOI: 10.18254/S207987840022366-1.
3. Dobrynin A.F. Sugubo doveritel'no: Posol v Vashingtone pri shesti prezidentakh SShA (1962–1986 gg.). Moskva, Avtor, 1997. 688 s. Dobrynin A.F. Strictly Confidential: Ambassador to Washington under Six U.S. Presidents (1962–1986). Moscow, Avtor, 1997. 688 p. (In Russ.)
4. Aleksandrov-Agentov A.M. Ot Kollontaj do Gorbacheva. Moskva, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1994. 304 s. Aleksandrov-Agentov A.M. From Kollontai to Gorbachev. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1994. 304 p. (In Russ.)
5. Chernyaev A.S. Sovmestnyj iskhod. 1972 god. Dnevniki A.S. Chernyaeva. Sovetskaya politika 1972–1991 gg. – vzglyad iznutri. National Security Archive. Chernyaev A.S. Collective Outcome. 1972. Diaries of A.S. Chernyaev. The Soviet Politics of 1972–1991 – an Outward Glance. National Security Archive. (In Russ.) Available at: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/25145-document-1-dnevnik-aschernyaeva-za-1972-god  (accessed 14.10.2022).
6. Gvishiani D.M. Mosty v buduschee. Moskva, Editorial URSS, 2004. 368 s. Gvishiani D.M. Bridges to the Future. Moscow, Editorial URSS, 2004. 368 p. (In Russ.)
7. Chernyaev A.S. 1973 god. Dnevniki A.S. Chernyaeva. Sovetskaya politika 1972–1991 gg. – vzglyad iznutri. National Security Archive. Chernyaev A.S. 1973. Diaries of A.S. Chernyaev. The Soviet Politics of 1972–1991 – an Outward Glance. National Security Archive. (In Russ.) Available at: https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/document/25146-document-2-dnevnik-aschernyaeva-za-1973-god  (accessed 14.10.2022).
8. Batyuk V.I. Kholodnaya vojna mezhdu SShA i SSSR (1945–1991). Ocherki istorii. Moskva, Ves' mir, 2018. 336 s. Batyuk V.I. Cold War between the United States and the Soviet Union (1945–1991). Essays on the History. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2018. 336 p. (In Russ.)
9. Bogaturov A.D., Averkov V.V. Istoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij, 1945–2008. Moskva, Aspekt Press, 2010. 520 s. Bogaturov A.D., Averkov V.V. History of International Relations, 1945–2008. Moscow, Aspect Press, 2010. 520 p. (In Russ.)
10. Egorova N.I. Istoriya kholodnoj vojny: uchebnik dlya vuzov. Moskva, Yurajt, 2022. 219 s. Egorova N.I. History of the Cold War: Textbook for Universities. Moscow, Yurait, 2022. 219 p. (In Russ.)
11. Kremenyuk V.A. Uroki kholodnoj vojny. Moskva, Aspekt Press, 2015. 319 s. Kremenyuk V.A. Lessons of the Cold War. Moscow, Aspect Press, 2015. 319 p. (In Russ.)
12. Pechatnov V.O., Manykin A.S. Istoriya vneshnej politiki SShA. Moskva, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2012. 672 s. Pechatnov V.O., Manykin A.S. History of the U.S. Foreign Policy. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2012. 672 p. (In Russ.)
13. Sogrin V.V. SShA v KhKh–XXI vekakh. Liberalizm. Demokratiya. Imperiya. Moskva, Ves' mir, 2015. 592 s. Sogrin V.V. USA in the 20th–21st Centuries. Liberalism. Democracy. Empire. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2015. 592 p. (In Russ.)
14. Sogrin V.V. Istoriya SShA. Moskva, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019. 600 s. Sogrin V.V. History of the USA. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019. 600 p. (In Russ.)
15. Torkunov A.V., Narinskij M.M., red. Istoriya mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij. T.3. Yaltinsko-Potsdamskaya sistema. Moskva, Aspekt Press, 2017. 552 s. Torkunov A.V., Narinskii M.M., eds. History of International Relations. Vol. 3. Yalta-Potsdam System. Moscow, Aspect Press, 2017. 552 p. (In Russ.)
16. Garthoff R. Détente and Confrontation. American-Soviet Relations from Nixon to Reagan. Washington, The Brookings Institution, 1994. 1147 p.
17. Kissinger H. Years of Upheaval. Boston, Little, Brown & Co, 1982. 1283 p.
18. Aggeeva I.A. “Bol'she otlichnykh tovarov narodu! Dlya ehtogo luchshe trudis' god ot goda!”: sovetskaya al'ternativa zapadnomu obschestvu massovogo potrebleniya (1960–1970-e gg.). Ehlektronnyj nauchno-obrazovatel'nyj zhurnal “Istoriya”, 2022, t. 13, vyp. 3 (113). Aggeeva I.A. “More Great Goods to the People! For This Work Better Year after Year!”: the Soviet Alternative to the Western Society of Consumption (1960–1970s). The Electronic Journal of Education and Science “Istoriya”, 2022, vol. 13, iss. 3 (113). (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.18254/S207987840020454-8 
19. Prikhod'ko O.V. Sanktsionnaya politika SShA protiv Rossii: istoricheskij opyt i sovremennost'. SShA i Kanada: ehkonomika, politika, kul'tura, 2022, № 9, ss. 5-22. Prikhodko O.V. U.S. Sanctions Policy against Russia: Historical Experience and Contemporary Landscape. USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 2022, no. 9, pp. 5-22. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.31857/S2686673022090012 
20. Kirichenko Eh.V. Ehksportnyj kontrol' kak instrument podderzhaniya liderstva SShA v menyayuschemsya mire. Polis. Politicheskie issledovaniya, 2020, № 1, cc. 74-88. Kirichenko E.V. Export Controls as a Tool to Maintain U.S. Leadership in a Changing World. Polis. Political Studies, 2020, no. 1, pp. 74-88. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.17976/jpps/2020.01.06 
21. Hanson P. The Soviet Union’s Acquisition of Western Technology after Stalin: Some Thoughts on People and Connections. Reassessing Cold War Europe. Autio-Sarasmo S., Miklóssy K., eds. London – New York, Routledge, 2011, pp. 16-32.
22. Kunz D.B. The Power of Money: The Historiography of American Economic Diplomacy. America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941. Hogan M.G., ed. 1st edition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1995, pp. 536-561.
23. Reynolds D. Science, Technology and the Cold War. Cambridge History of the Cold War. Vol. III. Endings. Leffler M., Westad O.A., eds. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2010, pp. 378-399.
24. Rosenberg E. U.S. Mass Consumerism in Transnational Perspective. America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941. Costigliola F., Hogan M.J., eds. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 307-337.
25. Winkler J.R. Technology and the Environment in the Global Economy. America in the World: The Historiography of American Foreign Relations since 1941. Costigliola F., Hogan M.J., eds. 2nd edition. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2014, pp. 284-306.
26. Petrov F.P. Mezhdunarodnoe nauchno-tekhnicheskoe sotrudnichestvo: sostoyanie, tseli, perspektivy. Moskva, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1971. 357 s. Petrov F.P. International Scientific and Technical Cooperation: Sondition, Goals, Prospects. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 1971. 357 p. (In Russ.)
27. Venediktov D.D. Pervye itogi sotrudnichestva v oblasti zdravookhraneniya. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1973, № 9, ss. 21-23. Venediktov D.D. The First Results of Cooperation in the Field of Healthcare. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1973, no. 9, pp. 21-23. (In Russ.)
28. Khozin G.S. EhPAS i perspektivy sotrudnichestva v kosmose. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1976, № 4, ss. 36-44. Khozin G.S. ASTP and Prospects for Cooperation in Outer Space. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1976, no. 4, pp. 36-44. (In Russ.)
29. Khozin G.S. Vneshnepoliticheskie aspekty kosmicheskoj programmy SShA. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1974, № 3, ss. 54-65. Khozin G.S. Foreign Policy Aspects of the US Space Program. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1974, no. 3, pp. 54-65. (In Russ.)
30. Khozin G.S. Novoe soglashenie ob issledovanii kosmosa. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1977, № 8, ss. 68-72. Khozin G.S. New Agreement on Space Exploration. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1977, no. 8, pp. 68-72. (In Russ.)
31. Shejdina I.L. Nevoennye faktory sily vo vneshnej politike SShA. Moskva, Nauka, 1984. 351 s. Sheidina I.L. Non-Military Factors of Force in U.S. Foreign Policy. Moscow, Nauka, 1984. 351 p. (In Russ.)
32. Shejdina I.L. Novye instrumenty vneshnepoliticheskoj sily v ehpokhu NTR. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1981, № 8, ss. 3-14. Sheidina I.L. New Means of Foreign Policy Power in the Era of Scientific and Technological Revolution. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1981, no. 8, pp. 3-14. (in Russ.)
33. Shejdina I.L. Sovetsko-amerikanskie nauchno-tekhnicheskie svyazi. Mezhdunarodnaya zhizn', 1974, № 11, ss. 51-56. Sheidina I.L. Soviet-American Scientific and Technical Relations. The Foreign Affairs, 1974, no. 11, pp. 51-56. (In Russ.)
34. Shejdina I.L. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie svyazi s amerikanskimi firmami. SShA: ehkonomika, politika, ideologiya, 1974, № 1, ss. 23-24. Sheidina I.L. Scientific and Technical Relations with American Firms. USA: Economics, Politics, Ideology, 1974, no. 1, pp. 23-24. (In Russ.)
35. Shershnev E.S., Shejdina I.L. SSSR – SShA: perspektivy nauchno-tekhnicheskogo sotrudnichestva. Moskva, Znanie, 1974. 64 s. Shershnev E.S., Sheidina I.L. USSR – USA: Prospects for Scientific and Technical Cooperation. Moscow, Znanie, 1974. 64 p. (In Russ.)
36. Cahn A.H. Killing Détente: The Right Attacks the CIA. University Park, The Pennsylvania State University Press, 1998. 232 p.
37. Gejvandov S.K. “Tekhnologicheskaya politika” SShA v otnoshenii SSSR. Podlesnyj P.T., red. Moskva, Nauka, 1985. 189 s. Geivandov S.K. “Technological Policy” of the USA towards the USSR. Podlesnyi P.T., ed. Moscow, Nauka, 1985. 189 p. (In Russ.)
38. Kiseleva O.V. Nauchno-tekhnicheskie svyazi SSSR s zarubezhnymi stranami (1966–1980 gg.): opyt politicheskogo rukovodstva. Avtoreferat diss. kand. ist. nauk. Moskva, 1995. 32 c. Kiseleva O.V. Scientific and Technical Relations of the USSR with Foreign Countries (1966–1980): Experience of Political Leadership. Author’s Abstract Cand. Diss. (Hist.). Moscow, 1995. 32 p. (In Russ.)
39. Bezborodov A.B. Vlast' i nauchno-tekhnicheskaya politika v SSSR serediny 50-kh – serediny 70-kh godov. Moskva, Izdatel'stvo ob'edineniya “Mosgorarkhiv”, 1997. 214 s. Bezborodov A.B. Power and Scientific and Technical Policy in the USSR in the mid-50s – mid-70s. Moscow, Publishing House of the “Mosgorarkhiv” Association, 1997. 214 p. (In Russ.)
40. Safronov A.V. Praktiki raboty Gosplana SSSR v brezhnevskij period (po arkhivnym materialam i interv'yu s V.V. Kossovym). Moskva, Izdatel'skij dom Vysshej shkoly ehkonomiki, 2021. 22 s. Safronov A.V. Practices of the Work of the State Planning Committee of the USSR in the Brezhnev Period (Based on Archival Materials and Interviews with V.V. Kossov). Moscow, Publishing House of the Higher School of Economics, 2021. 22 p. (In Russ.) Available at: https://www.hse.ru/data/2021/03/31/1387177387/WP11_2021_01_.pdf  (accessed 14.10.2022).
41. Abalkin L.I. Tragediya i uroki zastojnogo perioda. Filosofiya khozyajstva, 2009, № 6 (66). Abalkin L.I. Tragedy and Lessons of the Stagnant Period. Philosophy of Economy, 2009, no. 6 (66). (In Russ.) Available at: http://www.library.fa.ru/files/Abalkin.pdf  (accessed 14.10.2022).
42. Bokarev Yu.P. SSSR i stanovlenie postindustrial'nogo obschestva na Zapade, 1970–1980-e gody. Moskva, Nauka, 2007. 380 s.  Bokarev Yu.P. USSR and Formation of Post-Industrial Society in the West, 1970–1980s. Moscow, Nauka, 2007. 380 p. (In Russ.)
43. Lipkin M.A. Mezhdu FRG i Yaponiej. SSSR v poiskakh strategicheskogo partnerstva v seredine 1950-kh – pervoj polovine 1970-kh gg. Novyj istoricheskij vestnik, 2015, № 4, ss. 77-101. Lipkin M.A. Between Western Germany and Japan: The USSR in Search of Strategic Partnership in the mid-1950s – the first half of 1970s. The New Historical Bulletin, 2015, no. 4, pp. 77-101. (In Russ.)
44. Lipkin M.A. Sovet ehkonomicheskoj vzaimopomoschi: istoricheskij opyt al'ternativnogo global'nogo miroustrojstva (1949–1979). Moskva, Ves' mir, 2019. 183 s. Lipkin M.A. Council for Mutual Economic Assistance: the Historical Experience of an Alternative Global World Order (1949–1979). Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2019. 183 p. (In Russ.)
45. Lipkin M.A., Filitov A.M. Razvitie novykh form sotrudnichestva v ehpokhu razryadki: sovetsko-zapadnogermanskie otnosheniya v kontse 1960-kh – nachale 1970-kh gg. Ehlektronnyj nauchno-obrazovatel'nyj zhurnal “Istoriya”, 2015, t. 6, vyp. 2 (35). Lipkin M.A., Filitov A.M. Developing New Forms of Cooperation in the Era of Detente: Soviet-West German Relations in the End of 1960s – the Beginning of 1970s. The Electronic Journal of Education and Science “Istoriya”, 2015, vol. 6, iss. 2 (35). (In Russ.) Available at: https://history.jes.su/s207987840000989-6-1/  (accessed 14.10.2022).
46. Lipkin M.A., red. “Mirovaya sistema sotsializma” i global'naya ehkonomika v seredine 1970-kh godov. Moskva, Ves' mir, 2019. 336 s. Lipkin M.A., ed. “The World System of Socialism” and Global Economy in the mid-1970s. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2019. 336 p. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.55604/9785777708212 
47. Yungblyud V.T., Il'in D.V. Popravka Dzheksona–Vehnika i razvitie sovetsko-amerikanskikh otnoshenij v 1972–1975 gg. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, 2020, t. 13, № 2, ss. 7-39. Yungblyud V.T., Ilyin D.V. Jackson–Vanik Amendment and Development of Soviet-American Relations in 1972–1975. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 2020, vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 7-39. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2020-2-71-7-39 
48. Zhuravlyova V.Yu. Sanktsii SShA v otnoshenii Rossii: “umnaya sila” Obamy v dejstvii. SShA i Kanada: ehkonomika, politika, kul'tura, 2015, № 4, cc. 53-63. Zhuravleva V.Yu. American Sanctions on Russia: Smart Power in Action. USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 2015, no. 4, pp. 53-63. (In Russ.) Available at: https://usacanada.jes.su/s268667300000616-7-1-ru-229  (accessed 14.10.2022).
49. Manojlo A.V. Krym, Obama i ego kontinental'naya blokada. Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2014, № 2, cc. 156-158. Manoilo A.V. Crimea, Obama and His Continental Blockade. International Relations, 2014, no. 2, pp. 156-158. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.7256/2305-560X.2014.2.11564 
50. Kirichenko Eh.V. Ehksportnyj kontrol' kak instrument vneshnej politiki SShA. SShA i Kanada: ehkonomika, politika, kul'tura, 2015, № 10, cc. 40-52. Kirichenko E.V. Export Controls as the Means of the U.S. Foreign Policy. USA & Canada: Economics, Politics, Culture, 2015, no. 10, pp. 40-52. (In Russ.) Available at: https://usacanada.jes.su/s268667300000616-7-1-ru-190/  (accessed 14.10.2022).
51. Atoyan A.I., Krysenko D.S. Nauchno-tekhnicheskoe sopernichestvo SShA i SSSR v period Kholodnoj vojny. Vestnik Donetskogo natsional'nogo universiteta. Seriya B: Gumanitarnye nauki, 2017, № 4, cc. 17-26. Atoyan A.I., Krysenko D.S. Scientific and Technical Rivalry of the USA and the USSR during the Cold War Period. Bulletin of Donetsk National University. Series B: Humanities, 2017, no. 4, pp. 17-26.
52. Rabush T.V. Sanktsii SShA protiv SSSR, ikh itogi i posledstviya (na primere antisovetskikh sanktsij 1980 goda). Vestnik Severnogo (Arkticheskogo) federal'nogo universiteta. Seriya “Gumanitarnye i sotsial'nye nauki”, 2016, № 6 cc. 45-53. Rabush T.V. U.S. Sanctions Against the Soviet Union, Their Results and Consequences (Exemplified by the Anti-Soviet Sanctions of 1980). Vestnik of Northern (Arctic) Federal University. Series “Humanitarian and Social Sciences”, 2016, no. 6, pp. 45-53. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.17238/issn2227-6564.2016.6.45 
53. Fedorova S.I. Ehvolyutsiya antisovetskikh ehkonomicheskikh sanktsij kak instrumenta vneshnej politiki SShA posle okonchaniya Vtoroj mirovoj vojny (istoricheskij aspekt). Voprosy natsional'nykh i federativnykh otnoshenij, 2017, № 3, cc. 33-38. Fedorova S.I. The Evolution of Anti-Soviet Economic Sanctions as a Tool of U.S. Foreign Policy after the End of World War II (Historical Aspect). Issues of National and Federal Relations, 2017, no. 3, pp. 33-38. (In Russ.)
54. Gromyko Al.A. Diplomatiya pozitivnogo dejstviya. “Vojna mezhdu gosudarstvami – velikoe zlo”. K 110-letiyu A.A. Gromyko. Gromyko Al.A., red. Moskva, Ves' Mir, IE RAN, 2019, ss. 84-102. Gromyko Al.A. The Diplomacy of Positive Action. “War between States is a Great Evil”. To the 110th Anniversary of A.A. Gromyko. Gromyko Al.A., ed. Moscow, Ves’ mir, IE RAS, 2019, pp. 84-102.
55. Lipkin M.A. Sovetskij Soyuz i integratsionnye protsessy v Evrope: seredina 1940-kh – konets 1960-kh godov. Moskva, Russkij fond sodejstviya obrazovaniyu i nauke, 2016. 560 s. Lipkin M.A. The Soviet Union and Integration Processes in Europe: the mid-1940s – late 1960s. Moscow, Russian Foundation for Promotion of Education and Science, 2016. 560 p.
56. Sumburova E.I., Tagirova N.F. Mezhdunarodnyj transfer v sovetskoj nauke v 1950–1960-e gody (na primere NIFKhI im. L.Ya. Karpova). Novaya i novejshaya istoriya, 2022, t. 66, № 3, ss. 183-198. Sumburova E.I., Tagirova N.F. International Transfer in Soviet Science in the 1950s–1960s (the Case of the L.Ya. Karpov NIFHI). Modern and Contemporary History, 2022, vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 183-198. (In Russ.) Available at: https://doi.org/10.31857/S013038640017056-9 
57. Cherkasov P.P. IMEhMO. Ocherk istorii. Moskva, Ves' Mir, 2016. 872 s. Cherkasov P.P. Essay on IMEMO History. Moscow, Ves’ mir, 2016. 872 p.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up