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Trade-Economic and Scientific-Technical Relations Between the USA and the USSR During the Years of Detente (Review of Russian Studies, 1972–2022)
 
PIIS013122270025699-9-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-3-116-129
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Valery Yungblyud 
Affiliation: Vyatka State University
Address: 36, Moskovskaya Str., Kirov, 610000, Russian Federation
Dmitrii V. Il'in
Affiliation: Vyatka State University
Address: 36, Moskovskaya Str., Kirov, 610000, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 67 Issue 3
Pages116-129
Abstract

Russian historians, political scientists and experts in the field of international relations theory have been developing the topic of interaction between the USSR and the USA in the economic, scientific and technical field during the years of detente in bilateral relations for 50 years. Nevertheless, to date, the experience of working together within the framework of a large-scale research agenda in various fields of science, accumulated by scientists of the two countries, has not been properly evaluated. This review attempts to assess the place of these contacts in the structure of the Soviet-American detente and to characterize the main stages of the evolution in Russian historiography of this problem. An important provision for understanding the specifics of the scientific and technical context of the Soviet-American detente is that the differences in approaches of Moscow and Washington to the formation of bilateral relations as a whole were most clearly manifested in this very direction. The obvious discrepancy between the goals of the parties, as well as their different understanding of the essence of detente as a special state of bilateral relations, led to the fact that its results were limited, and the process itself was short. A cross-cutting, unifying element of Russian research on this topic for almost 50 years has been the fixation on the opened but missed opportunities for scientific and technical cooperation between superpowers during the period of relative warming of relations. This motive does not allow us to explain why, against the background of somewhat inflated expectations of Soviet politicians and intellectuals, American and European contemporaries pointed out the USSR lagging behind in the development and introduction of new technologies into production in the second half of the 1970s, and, as a result, its vulnerable position in the bargaining process. The question is left unanswered as well: should the temporary rise of U.S.-Soviet economic, scientific and technical cooperation be considered a natural stage in the development of international relations, or was it a historical anomaly, an optional by-product of the Cold War? It is noted that each stage of the development of Russian historiography was associated with the expansion of the source base, however, since the publication of the last major works in the 1990s – early 2000s, access to available documentary resources on this subject has significantly expanded. The authors conclude that new archival documents, as well as the increasing role of high technologies and breakthrough discoveries in the modern foreign policy process, encourage additional study on the problems of bilateral American-Soviet scientific and technological cooperation in the 1970s.

Keywordshistoriography of the Cold War, detente, scientific and technical ties, Soviet-American trade
AcknowledgmentThe article has been supported by a grant of the Russian Science Foundation. Project no. 22-28-01876 «The Interaction of the Superpowers in the Field of Science, Technics and Technologies during “Global Seventies”» (https://rscf.ru/en/project/22-28-01876/).
Received23.05.2023
Publication date23.05.2023
Number of characters35775
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1 Введение
2 Разрядка международной напряженности является одним из самых событийно насыщенных и противоречивых периодов истории холодной войны. Этому феномену посвящены десятки научных работ, изданных как в СССР/России, так и за рубежом. Но на фоне весьма основательной изученности соперничества сверхдержав в военно-стратегической и идеологической сферах довольно скромно и выборочно выглядят достижения в исследовании таких важных аспектов их взаимодействия, как торговля, наука и технологии.
3 Соседство двух разнородных тем – двусторонней торговли и научно-технических связей – может показаться неочевидным. Однако, на наш взгляд, две эти сферы межгосударственного взаимодействия целесообразно рассматривать в единой связке, прежде всего – из-за их “многослойности” и взаимного проникновения. Авторы коллективной монографии “Глобальная стратегия США в условиях научно-технической революции”, опубликованной в 1979 г., приводят следующую классификацию международных научно-технических связей: 1) обмены публикациями и иной научной информацией; 2) международные научные форумы, обмены учеными и техническими специалистами; 3) международное научно-техническое сотрудничество с проведением совместных научных исследований и опытно-конструкторских разработок; 4) обмен технологиями и передовым производственным опытом на коммерческой основе (лицензии, консультирование, помощь в проектировании и строительстве объектов); 5) торговля товарами наукоемких отраслей экономики; 6) крупномасштабное долговременное промышленное сотрудничество, ориентированное на создание техники и технологий завтрашнего дня [1, сс. 357-358].
4 Торговые отношения в 1960–1980-е годы воспринимались как неотъемлемая часть многогранного комплекса международного научно-технического сотрудничества. В то же время собственно научные исследования и технологические инновации чаще всего оценивались с точки зрения их экономической эффективности и предполагаемого коммерческого использования. Современные исследования дискуссий конца 1960-х годов по поводу основных направлений плана развития народного хозяйства СССР на девятую пятилетку (1971–1975 гг.), в которых помимо Госплана СССР самое активное участие принимали Академия наук СССР и Государственный комитет по науке и технике (ГКНТ), показывают, что разработчики этих планов, следуя рекомендациям экспертов из Института мировой экономики и международных отношений (ИМЭМО) и Института США АН СССР1, в качестве отправных определяли такие параметры, как экономическая эффективность научных исследований, целесообразность инвестирования в научные разработки, научная организация труда, обоснованные масштабы приобретения иностранных лицензий на наукоемкую продукцию, технологический трансфер и прочее. Причем в качестве ориентира в развитии и образца для сравнения в этих дискуссиях, как правило, использовались научно-технические достижения и инновационный опыт Соединенных Штатов Америки [2]. 1. С 1975 г. – Институт США и Канады АН СССР.

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