Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?

Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation

Journal name

Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia

Edition

Volume 66 Issue 2

Pages

90-100

Abstract

The article scrutinizes Turkish-Azerbaijani key areas of cooperation – political, economic, military-technical, cultural and humanitarian. For instance, in addition to intensive interaction at the level of high-ranking political elites, Azerbaijani-Turkish unity in the political context is largely built on the basis of classifying foreign policy partners into common friends and common enemies (the “friend-foe” principle). Thus, both Ankara and Baku are building friendly relations with the Turkic states of Central Asia. At the same time, Armenia acts as a common “enemy”. In the military sphere, both states seek to form Turkey-oriented militarized structures and, moreover, to create a unified Turkic army in the long term. The nature of economic relations between Azerbaijan and Turkey is largely based on a competitive basis. Energy acts as a unifying and at the same time a divisive factor since both states strive for leadership in this area, seeking to occupy a special place in the regional energy market. In the cultural and humanitarian sphere, the unfolding Turkey-centric integration is of particular importance. The author comes to the conclusion that nowadays the bilateral relations between Turkey and Azerbaijan are characterized by the “merging” of the two countries into a single Turkey-centric space, which manifests in almost all fields of interaction. The Republic of Turkey seeks to influence Baku in order to make it a reference point of the “Turkic world” under its auspices. This trend is most likely to strengthen in the future.

Keywords

Turkey, Azerbaijan, Transcaucasia, Nagorno-Karabakh, “Turkic world”, pan-Turkism, cooperation, foreign policy, energy

Received

16.02.2022

Publication date

18.02.2022

Number of characters

33632

Cite

GOST	Avatkov V. Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State? // Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia – 2022. – V. 66. – Issue 2 C. 90-100 [Electronic resource]. URL: http://ras.jes.su/meimo/s013122270018651-7-1-en (circulation date: 03.05.2024). DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-90-100
MLA	Avatkov, Vladimir "Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?." Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia 66.2 (2022):90-100. DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-90-100
APA	Avatkov V. (2022). Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?. Mirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia 66(2), pp.90-100 DOI: 10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-2-90-100

100 rub.

When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register.

Размещенный ниже текст является ознакомительной версией и может не соответствовать печатной

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА ТУРЕЦКО-АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ФУНДАМЕНТ “БРАТСТВА” АНКАРЫ И БАКУ

ВОЕННО-ТЕХНИЧЕСКОЕ ВЗАИМОДЕЙСТВИЕ

ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ ДВУСТОРОННИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ

МЕСТО КУЛЬТУРЫ, ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ В ОТНОШЕНИЯХ ТУРЦИИ И АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНА


1	Внешнюю политику Азербайджана отличает поиск политической идентичности и своего места во внешнеполитической среде, который продолжается с момента распада СССР [1, c. 5]. Россия в 1990-е годы не имела достаточных ресурсов и воли для выстраивания конструктивных связей с бывшими советскими республиками. На начальном этапе своего независимого существования Азербайджанская Республика нуждалась во внешней поддержке, которую получила от Турции, включившей в свою негласную внешнеполитическую стратегию курс на Центральную Азию и Закавказье. Фраза министра иностранных дел Турции М. Чавушоглу об “одном государстве” в контексте Турции и Азербайджана появилась неслучайно. Сегодня она точно характеризует сложившиеся отношения между двумя республиками – Азербайджанской и Турецкой. За годы тесного сотрудничества двустороннее турецко-азербайджанское взаимодействие из поддержки переросло в ряд амбициозных внешнеполитических концептов, в рамках которых Азербайджан встраивается в турецкую систему международного сотрудничества.
2	РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА ТУРЕЦКО-АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
3	Государства Южного Кавказа, благодаря своему выгодному геополитическому расположению, обладающие к тому же большими запасами природных ресурсов, на протяжении истории представляли особый интерес для ряда стран. За часть территорий, которые сегодня принадлежат Азербайджану, в свое время конкурировали три империи – Российская, Персидская и Османская. Причем для последней раздел азербайджанских земель на протяжении почти всего XIX в. имел особую важность, прежде всего как для наследницы завоеваний династии Сельджукидов, повлиявших в свою очередь на тюркизацию обосновавшегося там впоследствии азербайджанского народа. По мере роста стремления османов укрепиться в Закавказье и развития в стране идей пантюркизма [2] интерес Турции к Азербайджану только усиливался. Во времена Республики М.К. Ататюрк также поддерживал в достаточной степени дружественные отношения с Азербайджанской ССР.
4	Тем не менее несмотря на тесные контакты, история двусторонних отношений современных Азербайджана и Турции во многом берет свое начало с 90-х годов. Точкой отсчета является 1991 г., ознаменовавший не только распад Советского Союза, но и образование 15 независимых государств [3, c. 71], одним из которых стала Азербайджанская Республика. Основные направления внешней политики Азербайджана прослеживались уже тогда в официальной символике государства. В 1991 г. был утвержден флаг Азербайджанской Республики – триколор, где голубой цвет призван подчеркнуть тюркское происхождение народа, красный означает курс на построение демократии, а зеленый символизирует принадлежность государства к исламскому миру [4]. Особенно в этом контексте интересен выбор небесно-голубого цвета, который предположительно является отсылкой к древним “Небесным тюркам” (Göktürk) – предкам всех современных тюрок, основавших в 552 г. одно из крупнейших на тот момент государств – Тюркский каганат [5].

Number of purchasers: 3, views: 818

Readers community rating: votes 0

1. Bol'shakov A.G., Mansurov T.Z. Institualizatsiya politicheskoj identichnosti na Yuzhnom Kavkaze. Politicheskaya ehkspertiza: POLITEhKS, 2013, № 3, ss. 5-23. [Bol'shakov A.G., Mansurov T.Z. Institutionalization of Political Identity in the South Caucasus. Political Expertise: POLITEX, 2013, no. 3, pp. 5-23. (In Russ.)]

2. Svarants A. Pantyurkizm v geostrategii Turtsii na Kavkaze. Moskva, Akademiya gumanitarnykh issledovanij, 2002. 599 s. [Svarants A. Pan-Turkism in Turkey's Geostrategy in the Caucasus. Moscow, Akademiya Gumanitarnykh Issledovanii, 2002. 599 p. (In Russ.)]

3. Ryabov A.V. Postsovetskoe prostranstvo: faktory i tsikly razvitiya. Rossiya i novye gosudarstva Evrazii, 2018, № 3, ss. 67-82. [Ryabov A.V. The Post-Soviet Space: Factors and Cycles of Development. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2018, no. 3, pp. 67-82. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2018-3-67-82

4. Vypiska iz Konstitutsii Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki. Prezident Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki. [Extract from the Constitution of the Republic of Azerbaijan. President of the Republic of Azerbaijan (In Russ.)] Available at: https://ru.president.az (accessed 23.03.2021).

5. Ahmetbeyoğlu A. Göktürkler. T.C. İstanbul Üniversitesi. [Gokturks. Istanbul University. (In Turk.)] Available at: http://auzefkitap.istanbul.edu.tr/kitap/tarih_ao/gokturkler.pdf (accessed 23.03.2021).

6. Türkiye–Azerbaycan Siyasi İlişkileri. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. [Turkey–Azerbaijan Political Relations. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (In Turk.)] Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-azerbaycan-siyasi-iliskileri.tr.mfa (accessed 23.03.2021).

7. Gadzhiev K.C. Otnosheniya Irana i Turtsii s gosudarstvami Yuzhnogo Kavkaza. Rossiya i novye gosudarstva Evrazii, 2020, № 2, ss. 94-106. [Gadzhiev K.C. Iran and Turkey’s Relations with the States of the South Caucasus. Russia and New States of Eurasia, 2020, no. 2, pp.94-106. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/2073-4786-2020-2-94-106

8. Kolesnichenko M. Azerbajdzhan v sisteme mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij. Rossiya i musul'manskij mir, 2012, № 3, ss. 81-89. [Kolesnichenko M. Azerbaijan in the System of International Relations. Russia and the Moslem World, 2012, no. 3, pp. 81-89. (In Russ.)]

9. Druzhilovskij S.B. Irano-turetskoe sopernichestvo v Zakavkaz'e. Obozrevatel', 2012, № 4 (267), ss. 43-49. [Druzhilovskii S.B. Iranian-Turkish Rivalry in Transcaucasia. Observer, 2012, no. 4 (267), pp. 43-49. (In Russ.)]

10. Avatkov V.A. Idejno-tsennostnyj faktor vo vneshnej politike Turtsii. Vestnik MGIMO-Universiteta, 2019, № 2, ss. 113-129. [Avatkov V.A. Ideology and Values in Turkey's Foreign Policy. MGIMO Review of International Relations, 2019, no. 2, pp. 113-129. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2019-4-67-113-129

11. Denisova S. Serye volki. Rossijskij sovet po mezhdunarodnym delam. [Denisova S. The Grey Wolves. Russian International Affairs Council. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://russiancouncil.ru/turkeyextremists-greywolves (accessed 04.04.2021).

12. Gorodnyanskij A. Ehl'chibej v Turtsii. Turtsiya ukrepila “osobye otnosheniya” s Azerbajdzhanom. Kommersant', 05.11.1992. [Gorodnyanskii A. Elchibey in Turkey. Turkey Strengthens “Special Relationship” with Azerbaijan. Kommersant, 05.11.1992. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/28916 (accessed 23.03.2021).

13. Armyano-Azerbajdzhanskaya vojna iz-za Nagornogo Karabakha. Istoriya diplomatii i mezhdunarodnykh otnoshenij. [The Armenian-Azerbaijani war over Nagorno-Karabakh. Istoriya Diplomatii i Mezhdunarodnykh Otnoshenii. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://diphis.ru/armyano_azerbaydjanskaya_voyna_iz_za_nagornog-a1513.html (accessed 23.03.2021).

14. Arbatova N. Tri izmereniya postsovetskikh “zamorozhennykh” konfliktov. Mirovaya ehkonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya, 2019, № 5, ss. 88-100. [Arbatova N. Three Dimensions of Post-Soviet “Frozen” Conflicts. Mirovaya Ekonomika i Mezhdunarodnye Otnosheniya, 2019, no. 5, pp. 88-100. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-5-88-100

15. Beseda vo vremya vstrechi Prezidenta Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki Gejdara Alieva s ranenymi ofitserami i soldatami, nakhodivshimisya v spetsial'nom operatsionnom otdelenii Voenno-Meditsinskoj Akademii “Gyul'khane”. “Heydar Aliyev Heritage” International Online Library, 02.11.1999. [Conversation during the Meeting of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev with the Wounded Officers and Soldiers in the Special Operating Department of the Military Medical Academy “Gulhane”. “Heydar Aliyev Heritage” International Online Library, 02.11.1999. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/ru/3716843.html (accessed 24.03.2021).

16. Azerbajdzhano-turetskie otnosheniya. “Heydar Aliyev Heritage” International Online Library. [Azerbaijan-Turkey Relations. “Heydar Aliyev Heritage” International Online Library. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://lib.aliyev-heritage.org/ru/4610295.html (accessed 24.03.2021).

17. Azerbaycan ve Türkiye arasında kimlikle seyahat dönemi başladı. Sputnik, 01.04.2021. [Azerbaijan and Turkey Began the Identity Card Travel between the Countries. Sputnik, 01.04.2021. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://tr.sputniknews.com/turkiye/202104011044167728-azerbaycan-ve-turkiye-arasinda-kimlikle-seyahat-donemi-basladi/ (accessed 01.04.2021).

18. V Baku otkryt pamyatnik osnovatelyu Turetskoj Respubliki Mustafe Kemalyu Atatyurku. Azertadzh, 17.05.2010. [A Monument to the Founder of the Turkish Republic Mustafa Kemal Ataturk Has Been Opened in Baku. Azertac, 17.05.2010. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://azertag.az (accessed 25.03.2021).

19. “XXI vek stanet vekom tyurkskogo mira”. Mysli, vzglyady, vospominaniya glavy Azerbajdzhana Il'khama Alieva v 10 tsitatakh. Kommersant', 24.10.2019. [“The 21st Century Will Become the Century of the Turkic world”. Thoughts, views, Memories of the Head of Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev in 10 Quotes. Kommersant, 24.10.2019. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4126171#id=5 (accessed 25.03.2021).

20. Mekhriban Alieva pozdravila turetskij narod s Dnem Respubliki. Anadolu Agency, 29.10.2020. [Mehriban Aliyeva Congratulated the Turkish People on the Republic Day. Anadolu Agency, 29.10.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 26.03.2021).

21. Ehrdogan pozdravil pervuyu ledi Azerbajdzhana s naznacheniem vitse-prezidentom. RIA Novosti, 21.02.2017. [Erdogan Congratulated the First Lady of Azerbaijan on Her Appointment as Vice-President. RIA Novosti, 21.02.2017. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://ria.ru/20170221/1488542314.html (accessed 26.03.2021).

22. Markedonov S.M. Azerbajdzhan: bez druzej i bez vragov. Rossiya i musul'manskij mir, 2007, № 11, ss. 63-71. [Markedonov S.M. Azerbaijan: Without Friends and Enemies. Russia and the Moslem World, 2007, no. 11, pp. 63-71. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/azerbajdzhan-bez-druzej-i-bez-vragov/ (accessed 26.03.2021).

23. Turtsiya i dalee budet podderzhivat' bratskij Azerbajdzhan. Anadolu Agency, 09.12.2020. [Turkey Will Continue to Support Fraternal Azerbaijan. Anadolu Agency, 09.12.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 04.04.2021).

24. Yüce A. Azerbaycan-Türkiye Askeri İşbirliği Faaliyetlerinin Hukuki Temeli. Azərbaycan Ali Hərbi Məktəbi Elmi Əsərlər Məcmuəsi, 2016, № 1 (26), ss. 3-14. [Legal Basis of Azerbaijan-Turkey Military Cooperation. Journal of Scientific Papers of Azerbaijan Higher Military School, 2016, no. 1 (26), pp. 3-14. (In Turk.)]

25. Parubochaya E.F. Sotrudnichestvo Turtsii i Azerbajdzhana v voennoj sfere na rubezhe XX–XXI vekov. Vestnik Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2015, № 6, ss. 24-36. [Parubochaya E.F. Cooperation between Turkey and Azerbaijan in the Military Field at the Turn of the XX–XXI Centuries. Vestnik Volgogradskogo Gosudarstvennogo Universiteta, 2015, no. 6, pp. 24-36. (In Russ.)]

26. Kasapoğlu C. Türkiye-Azerbaycan: Savunma İş Birliğinden Askeri İttifaka. Anadolu Ajansı, 31.10.2017. [Turkey-Azerbaijan: From Defense Cooperation to Military Alliance. Anadolu Agency, 31.10.2017. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz-haber/turkiye-azerbaycan-savunma-is-birliginden-askeri-ittifaka/952323 (accessed 27.03.2021).

27. Atak Helikopteri Test Uçuşunda Düştü. Timetürk, 23.03.2010. [The Attack Helicopter Crashed on A Test Flight. Timetürk, 23.03.2010. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://www.timeturk.com/tr/2010/03/23/atak-helikopteri-test-ucusunda-dustu.html (accessed 04.04.2021).

28. Nadein-Raevskij V.A. Pantyurkizm: ideologiya, istoriya, politika. Ehkspansionistskaya doktrina: ot Osmanskoj imperii do nashikh dnej i sud'by Turtsii, Rossii i Armenii. Moskva, Izdatel'stvo “Russkaya panorama”, 2017. 316 s. [Nadein-Raevskii V.A. Pan-Turkism: Ideology, History, and Politics. The Expansionist Doctrine: From the Ottoman Empire to the Present Day and the Fates of Turkey, Russia and Armenia. Moscow, Izdatel'stvo “Russkaya Panorama”, 2017. 316 p. (In Russ.)]

29. Rech' prezidenta Il'khama Alieva na tseremonii otkrytiya Tsentra Atatyurka v Azerbajdzhane. Ofitsial'nyj sajt Prezidenta Azerbajdzhanskoj Respubliki, 17.05.2010. [President Ilham Aliyev’s Speech at the Opening Ceremony of the Ataturk Center in Azerbaijan. Official site of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan, 17.05.2010. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://ru.president.az/articles/55/print (accessed 30.11.2021).

30. Aslanlı A. 10. Yılında Azerbaycan-Türkiye Stratejik Ortaklık Anlaşması ve Ortak Askeri Tatbikatlar. Anadolu Ajansı, 10.08.2020. [Azerbaijan-Turkey Strategic Partnership Agreement and Joint Military Exercises. Anadolu Agency, 10.08.2020. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/analiz/10-yilinda-azerbaycan-turkiye-stratejik-ortaklik-anlasmasi-ve-ortak-askeri-tatbikatlar/1937068 (accessed 27.03.2021).

31. V Karse prodolzhayutsya ucheniya VS Turtsii i Azerbajdzhana. Anadolu Agency, 07.02.2021. [The Exercises of the Turkish and Azerbaijani Armed Forces Continue in Kars. Anadolu Agency, 07.02.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 27.03.2021).

32. Tarasov S. Kto vyvedet Turtsiyu iz sostoyaniya vojny. Regnum, 05.11.2020. [Tarasov S. Who Will Bring Turkey Out of the State of War. Regnum, 05.11.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://regnum.ru/news/polit/3107704.html (accessed 28.03.2021).

33. Minoborony Armenii utverzhdaet, chto Turtsiya korrektiruet udary BPLA Azerbajdzhana po Karabakhu. TASS, 11.10.2020. [The Armenian Defense Ministry Claims Turkey Corrects Azerbaijan's UAV Strikes on Karabakh. TASS, 11.10.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://tass.ru/mezhdunarodnaya-panorama/9686347 (accessed 28.03.2021).

34. V Turtsii soobschili ob otpravke v Azerbajdzhan 60 voennykh. RBK, 23.12.2020. [Turkey Reported Sending 60 Military Personnel to Azerbaijan. RBK, 23.12.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/5fe26be39a79473ad5116349 (accessed 28.03.2021).

35. Krivosheev K. Azerbajdzhan poparadovalsya. Kommersant', 11.12.2020. [Krivosheev K. Azerbaijan Held a Parade. Kommersant, 11.12.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.kommersant.ru/doc/4606163#id1987527 (accessed 28.03.2021).

36. Vojtolovskij F.G. Ideologicheskaya refleksiya mirovoj politiki. Mezhdunarodnye protsessy, 2007, № 5, ss. 44-56. [Voitolovskii F.G. Ideological Reflection of World Politics. International Trends, 2007, no. 5, pp. 44-56. (In Russ.)]

37. Azerbaycan Ekonomisi. T.C. Dışişleri Bakanlığı. [Economy of Azerbaijan. Republic of Azerbaijan Ministry of foreign Affairs. (In Turk.)] Available at: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/azerbaycan-ekonomisi.tr.mfa (accessed 28.03.2021).

38. Turtsiya natselena na rost tovarooborota s Azerbajdzhanom – Mintorg. Anadolu Agency, 11.09.2020. [Turkey Aims to Increase Trade Turnover with Azerbaijan – Ministry of Trade. Anadolu Agency, 11.09.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 28.03.2021).

39. Torgovo-ehkonomicheskie otnosheniya Turetskoj Respubliki s gosudarstvami – uchastnikami SNG. Ispolnitel'nyj komitet SNG. [Trade and Economic Relations of the Republic of Turkey with the CIS Member States. CIS Executive Committee. (In Russ.)] Available at: http://old.e-cis.info/foto/pages/25828.pdf (accessed 28.03.2021).

40. Pritchin S.A. Ehnergeticheskij sektor kak klyuchevoj faktor regional'nogo liderstva Azerbajdzhana. Postsovetskie issledovaniya, 2021, № 2, ss. 110-118. [Pritchin S.A. The Energy Sector as a Key Factor of Azerbaijan's Regional Leadership. Postsovetskie Issledovaniya, 2021, no. 2, pp. 110-118. (In Russ.)]

41. STAR Aegean Refinery. NS Energy. Available at: https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/star-aegean-refinery/ (accessed 30.11.2021).

42. Krylov A. Azerbajdzhan na puti postsovetskogo razvitiya. Rossiya i musul'manskij mir, 2011, № 3, ss. 59-66. [Krylov A. Azerbaijan on the Path of Post-Soviet Development. Russia and the Moslem World, 2011, no. 3, pp. 59-66. (In Russ.)]

43. “Odna natsiya – dva gosudarstva”. V Turtsii sostoyalas' konferentsiya, posvyaschennaya pamyati Gejdara Alieva. Anadolu Agency, 13.12.2012. [“One nation – two states". A Conference Dedicated to the Memory of Heydar Aliyev Was Held in Turkey. Anadolu Agency, 13.12.2012. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 29.03.2021).

44. Il'kham Aliev priglashen na pervyj namaz v mechet' Ajya-Sofiya. Moskva-Baku.ru, 22.07.2020. [Ilham Aliyev Is Invited to the First Prayer at the Hagia Sophia Mosque. Moskva-Baku.ru, 22.07.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://moscow-baku.ru/news/politics/ilkham_aliev_priglashen_na_pervyy_namaz_v_sobore_svyatoy_sofii/ (accessed 04.04.2021).

45. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfının gönderdiği 6 tır insani yardım Azerbaycan’a ulaştı. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı, 11.12.2020. [6 Trucks of Humanitarian Aid Sent by the Turkish Religious Foundation Reached Azerbaijan. Turkey Diyanet Foundation, 11.12.2020. (In Turk.)] Available at: https://tdv.org/tr-TR/turkiye-diyanet-vakfinin-gonderdigi-6-tir-insani-yardim-azerbaycana-ulasti/ (accessed 04.04.2021).

46. Gorod Shusha predlozhili ob'yavit' kul'turnoj stolitsej tyurkskogo mira. RIA Novosti, 19.01.2021. [Shusha Was Proposed to Be Declared the Cultural Capital of the Turkic World. RIA Novosti, 19.01.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://ria.ru/20210119/shusha-1593699341.html (accessed 30.03.2021).

47. Il'kham Aliev: Zangezur budet igrat' ob'edinyayuschuyu rol' dlya tyurkskogo mira. Anadolu Agency, 31.03.2021. [Ilham Aliyev: Zangezur Will Play Unifying Role for the Turkic World. Anadolu Agency, 31.03.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 31.03.2021).

48. V Shushe spustya 28 let sovershen pyatnichnyj namaz. Anadolu Agency, 13.11.2020. [Friday Prayer Was Performed in Shusha After 28 Years. Anadolu Agency, 13.11.2020. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 04.04.2021).

49. Kogda turki vspomnyat o edinom turetskom yazyke v kontekste perekhoda Kazakhstana na latinitsu? NewsFront, 26.03.2021. [When Will the Turks Remember the Unified Turkish Language Amid Kazakhstan’s Transition to the Latin Alphabet? NewsFront, 26.03.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://news-front.info/2021/03/26/kogda-turki-vspomnyat-o-edinom-tureczkom-yazyke-v-kontekste-perehoda-kazahstana-na-latiniczu/ (accessed 04.04.2021).

50. Kazakhstan zapustil mezhdunarodnyj obschetyurkskij kanal Turkistan. TRT, 22.03.2021. [Kazakhstan Has Launched the International All-Turkish Channel Turkistan. TRT, 22.03.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.trtrussian.com/novosti-kazahstan/kazahstan-zapustil-mezhdunarodnyj-obshetyurkskij-kanal-turkistan-4854151 (accessed 04.04.2021).

51. Dzhamalan A. Iz istorii otkrytiya v Azerbajdzhane turetskikh uchebnykh zavedenij i ikh deyatel'nosti. AzerHistory. [Dzhamalan A. From the History of the Opening of Turkish Schools in Azerbaijan and Their Activities. AzerHistory. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://azerhistory.com/?p=32449 (accessed 30.03.2021).

52. Fond prosvescheniya Turtsii dostig soglasiya po otkrytiyu shkol v Azerbajdzhane. Anadolu Agency, 05.02.2021. [Turkish Education Foundation Reaches Agreement on Opening Schools in Azerbaijan. Anadolu Agency, 05.02.2021. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.aa.com.tr (accessed 31.03.2021).

53. Azerbajdzhan: kak pishut uchebniki istorii. BBC, 06.11.2013. [Azerbaijan: How History Textbooks Are Written. BBC, 06.11.2013. (In Russ.)] Available at: https://www.bbc.com/russian/international/2013/11/131028_history_textbook_azerbaijan.amp (accessed 01.04.2021).

Turkey and Azerbaijan: One Nation – One State?

Table of contents

РЕТРОСПЕКТИВА ТУРЕЦКО-АЗЕРБАЙДЖАНСКИХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ