Norway’s Economic Policy in the Arctic

 
PIIS013122270010249-4-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2020-64-5-101-108
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Freelance Researcher, Asia Pacific International Institutions & Multilateral Cooperation Studies Center of Oriental Institute – School of Regional and International Studies of FEFU
Affiliation: Far Eastern Federal University (FEFU)
Address: 8, Sukhanova Str., Vladivostok, 690091, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 64 Issue 5
Pages101-108
Abstract

Over the past few years, Norway’s energy policy has seen a remarkable turnaround related to the kingdom’s refusal to invest the Government Pension Fund’s money in the petroleum industry. This decision received mixed reviews from experts, who were arguing about its causes and possible consequences. In this paper the author intends to study the current state of the oil and gas sector of the Norwegian economy and development prospects for it. Oil and gas not only make up Norway’s main export item, but also allow it to occupy a more significant place in the European system of international relations due to its significant contribution to the EU’s energy security. Given the fact that the most efficient fields in the North Sea and the southern part of the Norwegian Sea are pretty close to exhaustion, Oslo needs new fields, and most of them are expected to be discovered in the Arctic. But there’s still considerable disagreement among the parties to the Treaty of Paris over the status of maritime areas around Svalbard, which remain the main obstacle in Norway’s way to arctic resources. Oslo takes a tough stance on this issue, which is not limited only by the declaration of its national interests, but is reinforced by decisive actions to protect them. As analysis shows, this policy works, but its success is largely determined by the passivity of other nations, which do not take specific measures to protect their own interests. Despite numerous threats to appeal to the UN International Court of Justice, none of the countries whose rights under the Svalbard Treaty were repeatedly violated by Norway have done it yet. Although the results of such a dispute may not be in favor of Norway, since its position on Svalbard, which was examined in the work, leaves many questions from the international law perspective. In conclusion, the modern energy policy of Norway was studied, as a result the author suggests that hydrocarbons will remain country’s principle export item in years to come, and changes in the state investment program should not be seen as an attempt to abandon oil and gas industry, but as the desire to diversify its economy.

KeywordsNorway, Arctic, gas, oil, Svalbard, economy
Received14.04.2020
Publication date16.04.2020
Number of characters25008
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1 Экономические интересы Норвегии в Арктике, как и других государств региона, определяются двумя основными факторами: обилием природных ресурсов и транспортным потенциалом морских коммуникаций. В 2017 г. опубликован стратегический документ, в котором изложены приоритеты арктической политики страны [1]. В их числе, наряду с использованием возобновляемых ресурсов арктических морей и развитием инфраструктуры в регионе, указывалось освоение нефтегазовых месторождений континентального шельфа. Однако в последнее время в энергетической политике Норвегии наметились кардинальные изменения, связанные с отказом инвестировать средства своего суверенного фонда в нефтегазовые активы [2, 3]. Это решение получило неоднозначную оценку экспертов, а споры о его возможных последствиях не утихают до сих пор.
2

РОЛЬ НЕФТЕГАЗОВОГО СЕКТОРА В ЭКОНОМИКЕ НОРВЕГИИ

3 Нефтегазовая промышленность занимает особое место в экономике Норвегии, а текущее благополучие страны во многом связано с торговлей энергоресурсами [4]. Практически вся нефть и газ королевства добываются на континентальном шельфе (КШ), причем практически все добытые углеводороды направляются на экспорт. В 2018 г. на долю отрасли пришлось около 17.7% ВВП Норвегии (624 млрд норв. крон ≈ 74.9 млрд долл.1), а ее вклад в общую экспортную выручку страны составил около 42% (569.4 млрд норв. крон ≈ 68.3 млрд долл.) [5]. 1. Здесь и далее 1 норв. крона = 0.12 долл. США (по курсу на начало 2019 г.).
4 Обладая самыми большими запасами углеводородов в Западной Европе, Норвегия является заметным игроком на мировом энергетическом рынке. В 2018 г. при среднесуточном объеме добычи нефти 1844 тыс. барр. королевство заняло 15-ю строчку в списке стран – производителей нефти (1.9% мирового производства) [6]. Всего в 2018 г. Норвегия добыла 83.1 млн т нефти2 [6], из которой около 67.3 млн т было отправлено на экспорт, преимущественно в европейские страны, а оставшиеся 15.8 млн т – на собственные береговые мощности для хранения и дальнейшей переработки. Крупнейшими импортерами норвежской нефти являются Великобритания (23.3%), Нидерланды (18.9%), Германия (8.4%), Швеция (7.2%), США (4.0%) и Франция (3.8%) [7]. 2. Включая сырую нефть, нефтяные пески и природный газоконденсат.
5 Около 81% сырой нефти, добываемой на шельфе Норвегии, транспортируются челночными танкерами, используемыми для перевозки нефти на небольшие расстояния, от добывающих платформ до портов складирования, расположенных преимущественно в Северо-Западной Европе. Там она накапливается и перегружается на крупные танкеры для последующей доставки в страны-импортеры. Оставшиеся 19% нефти доставляются на материк с использованием системы нефтепроводов, соединяющей шельфовые платформы с морскими портами Норвегии (Монгстад, Стура и Карсто) и Великобритании (Тиссайд) [6].
6 Норвегия входит в топ-8 крупнейших производителей природного газа, обеспечивая около 3.1% общемирового производства (в 2018 г. – 120.6 млрд куб. м) [6]. При этом собственное потребление природного газа в стране невелико – около 4 млрд куб. м (3.3% добытого объема). Практически весь газ (около 116.1 млрд куб. м, 96.7%) направляется на экспорт. Норвегия занимает второе место в списке крупнейших экспортеров природного газа, уступая лишь России [7]. Основным потребителем норвежского газа остается Евросоюз, который закупает в королевстве около 25% необходимого ему газа [8].

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