Chinese Partnership Strategy: Practice and its Conceptualisation (1993–2018)

 
PIIS013122270004349-4-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2019-63-3-83-93
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University)
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 63 Issue 3
Pages83-93
Abstract

The article deals with "partnership relations" (huoban guanxi 伙伴关系), the main content of China's diplomacy from 1993 to 2018, which were established with 100 countries in five macro-regions of the world. The global "network of relations" created allows Beijing to use the "pivot states" (zhidian guojia 支点国家) to protect its core interests, and the "broker states" (jiedian guojia 结点国家) – to expand international cooperation resources. Recently, Chinese scientists have succeeded in composing a "matrix of partnerships" (in the form of tables presented in the article) with a strictly hierarchical structure of partner countries location in accordance with Chinese criteria for their significance. The author has aspired to present China’s logic of building diplomatic strategies in the fullest possible manner, as well as to disclose the content of the topic in the context of formation of Chinese diplomacy, with the extensive use of sources published in the PRC over the last decade. The methodological toolkit employed in the article is the process approach proposed by Qin Yaqing, inscribed in the theoretical pattern of process constructivism (guocheng jiangou zhuyi) and normative approach. This analytical format is used so far only in Chinese studies of world politics. The author concludes that global governance built on relations is China's foreign policy practice, which often acts as an alternative to the Western global governance based on rules. The twenty-five years of experience in partnerships built on relationship management allowed China to build a holistic global diplomatic network, which is distinguished by long-term tasks, flexible forms and inclusive value orientations, which is now considered as bringing Chinese world view into the modern system of international relations. As can be seen from the article, these value orientations of China, meanwhile, are not always perceived by other countries as sufficient and necessary to replace the existing universal values of the world system.

KeywordsChina's diplomacy, partnership, diplomatic strategies, process constructivism, pivot states, broker states
Received19.03.2019
Publication date26.03.2019
Number of characters36755
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1 Стратегия партнерских отношений в качестве главного нарратива дипломатии Китая появилась на свет как ответ на критические внешние условия (фактически международная изоляция), которые сложились вокруг Китая после "событий 4 июня 1989", когда были подавлены выступления студентов на площади Тяньаньмэнь. Запад ввел против КНР санкции, действующие по сей день, и запретил экспорт в эту страну военной техники, оборудования и технологий двойного назначения. Распад Советского Союза в 1991 г., наступление периода однополярности в мировой политике также способствовали потери интереса США к Китаю как стратегическому партнеру. С учетом сложившейся международной ситуации, в 1992 г. на XIV съезде КПК была сформулирована новая "коренная дипломатическая стратегия" (核心的外交战略) как мирная дипломатия, выступающая против гегемонизма, под которым теперь однозначно понимались Соединенные Штаты, ранее под этим термином имелся в виду СССР. Решения съезда подвели черту и под периодом стратегического альянса между Вашингтоном и Пекином (приблизительно 1971–1991 гг.), который сложился между ними в борьбе против Советского Союза и выражался в формуле Мао Цзэдуна "стратегия одного фронта (одной линии)" (“一条线”战略). Период с 1989 по 1995 г. ученые университета Цинхуа назвали поворотом к консерватизму (a conservative turn) как во внутренней, так и внешней политике [1, p. 9]. "Партнерские отношения" Китая складывались постепенно, на первый взгляд даже хаотично, как новый инструментарий дипломатической практики, который впоследствии по прошествии довольно длительного времени был обозначен как "дипломатическая стратегия" в глобальном сетецентричном измерении.
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3 Исследования российских ученых современной дипломатии Китая главным образом касаются публичной [2], экономической [3; 4; 5] и культурной [6] дипломатии. Вместе с тем ряд работ исследуют период партнерских отношений Китая. Так, М.В. Мамонов в "системе внешнеполитических приоритетов современного Китая" отмечает, что во второй половине 1990-х годов руководство КНР произвело корректировку внешней политики и стало формировать внешнеполитическую стратегию как целостного комплекса мер по реализации "стратегии глобального добрососедства". В каком-то смысле, отмечает ученый, это была политика "глобальной профилактики внешних угроз", – понимаемых шире, чем только в военно-политическом смысле [7, c. 421]. Н.В. Козыкина и К.Г. Муратшина в учебном пособии "Особенности дипломатии современного Китая" рассматривают модели стратегического партнерства Китая, но саму политику партнерства КНР соотносят только со странами Африки [8].
4 Наиболее подробно дипломатия партнерских отношений была изучена В.Я. Портяковым в статье "Партнерство как инструмент современной внешней политики КНР". Ученый пишет, что с начала 1990-х годов одним из важнейших направлений обновления внешнеполитического инструментария Китая стало создание системы партнерских отношений с различными государствами. В первую очередь партнерские отношения устанавливались с соседями, однако затем процесс вышел далеко за рамки близлежащего географического ареала, и в настоящее время Китай имеет партнерские отношения с несколькими десятками стран буквально по всему миру [9].

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