The article deals with the phenomenon of the Brazilian national identity in the polemical aspect. In most states of the modern world, the topic of identity has become one of the leitmotifs of modern scientific discourse in the field of humanitarian knowledge. This is primarily due to another megatrend of the modern era - globalization, in which many see the real threat of a different kind of identity: national, regional, local, and so on. For the countries of the Latin American region, this topic is extremely relevant also due to the large ethnocultural diversity inherent in these countries, and in particular, the largest of them - Brazil. The author analyzes different opinions on this issue, including opposing points of view regarding the existence of this phenomenon in the postmodern world. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that Brazil’s national identity has certainly formed, but nevertheless it undergoes certain modifications over time, which, however, do not change the ontological core of this phenomenon.