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From Where is Russian Ethnology and Where is it Going? A Personal View in Global Perspective
 
PIIS086954150009606-6-1
DOI10.31857/S086954150009606-6
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Valery Tishkov 
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
Olga Artemova
Affiliation: Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 32a Leninsky prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
David Anderson
Affiliation: University of Aberdeen
Address: King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, UK
Dmitry Arzyutov
Affiliation: KTH Royal Institute of Technology
Address: Teknikringen 74D, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Marjorie Mandelstam Balzer
Affiliation: Georgetown University
Address: 37th and O Streets, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20057, USA
Andrei Golovnev
Affiliation: Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography (Kunstkamera)
Address: 3 University Emb., Saint-Petersburg, 199034, Russia
Vasily Filippov
Occupation: Leading Research Fellow
Affiliation: Institute for African Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences
Address: 30/1 Spiridonovka St., Moscow, 123001, Russia
Peter Schweitzer
Affiliation: Institut für Kultur- und Sozialanthropologie
Address: Universitätsstraße 7, 1010 Vienna, Austria
Journal nameEtnograficheskoe obozrenie
Edition№2
Pages72-137
Abstract

The article presents an overview of major trends in, and challenges of, the Russian ethnology for the past three decades. This is an examination of the state of the art from an intra-disciplinary perspective insofar as the author had a privilege to be in the center of Russian academic and public life for many years. He initiated and influenced academic strategies and institutional transformations as the long-term director of the Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences. This is also an outlook on Russia’s national school of ethnology presented in the context of broader theoretical shifts and disciplinary changes in social/cultural anthropology and ethnology in the world. The key issues discussed are: a) the professional disciplinary inertia and a hard road to the reassessment of the Soviet legacies; b) the constraining effects of public practices on the choice of theoretical stances or concepts, such as social constructivism; c) the contradictory influence on the academic community on the part of the dominant discourse of ethnonationalism and the practices of “postcolonial” or indigenous anthropology; d) the integration of the traditional ethnographic method and innovative approaches and the prospects for looking into cultural commonalities as opposed to the long-lived anthropological obsession with establishing cultural differences. The article discusses a nation-building project based on the vision of Russia as a multiethnic civic nation and the mission of anthropology in this endeavor. The author evaluates the post-Soviet period as the most fruitful one from the viewpoint of opening new research fields, as well as of thematic and geographic expansions. The article is supplemented with comments by O. Artemova, D. Anderson, D. Arzyutov, M. M. Balzer, A. Golovnev, V. Filippov, and P. Schweitzer, and with the author’s response.

KeywordsRussia, multiethnicity, world anthropology, Soviet and Russian ethnology, Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Association of Anthropologists and Ethnologists of Russia, ethnos theory, ethnicity, social constructivism, postcolonialism, indigenousness, indigenous anthropology, ethnonationalism, cultural complexity, nation and nation-building
Received18.06.2020
Publication date19.06.2020
Number of characters179701
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Table of contents

Точки отсчета
Новое рождение дисциплины или рождение новой дисциплины?
Содержательные трансформации
Трудные судьбы социального конструктивизма
Коллизии в мировой антропологии и Россия
Что на горизонте?
Примечания
КОММЕНТАРИИ
© О.Ю. Артемова. НЕМНОГО АКАДЕМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕФЛЕКСИИ
© Д.В. Арзютов, Д.Дж. Андерсон. “ДВОЙНОЕ ПОСЛАНИЕ” ЭТНОСА: КОММЕНТАРИЙ К СТАТЬЕ АКАДЕМИКА В.А. ТИШКОВА
© М.М. Балзер. ИРОНИЯ ПЕРСОНАЛЬНЫХ ВЗГЛЯДОВ В.А. ТИШКОВA В ГЛОБАЛЬНОЙ ПЕРСПЕКТИВЕ
© А.В. Головнёв. О НАПРЯЖЕНИИ И ДВИЖЕНИИ
© В.Р.Филиппов. ЗАЧЕМ МЫ СЮДА ПРИШЛИ?
© В.А. Тишков. ОТВЕТ ОППОНЕНТАМ
1

Точки отсчета
2 В начале 2019 г. под редакцией норвежского антрополога Т.Х. Эриксена и чешского этнолога М. Якубека вышла в свет книга (Eriksen, Jacoubek 2019), посвященная 50-летию издания знаменитого сборника статей под редакцией Ф. Барта “Этнические группы и границы: социальная организация культурных различий” (Barth 1969). Обе публикации примечательны для истории мировой этнологии и социальной/культурной антропологии: одна оказала мощное и разностороннее влияние на изучение феномена этничности и не только, другая представляет собой попытку ведущих исследователей Европы и Америки осмыслить полувековую эволюцию одной из центральных тем нашей дисциплины – тему этничности. Как один из авторов книги о наследии бартовской концепции и как ветеран этнологического цеха, пользуюсь возможностью изложить некоторые обзорные положения и привести отдельные заключения о развитии мировой и российской этнографической/этнологической науки в недавнем прошлом и о ее возможных перспективах. Не претендуя на полноту обзора, статья представляет собой, как подчеркивает ее название, “персональный взгляд” на обсуждаемые проблемы.
3 Поскольку книга под редакцией Ф. Барта и содержащаяся в ней концепция дошли до русскоязычного читателя с огромным опозданием (Барт 2006), то можно сказать определенно: позднесоветская этнография эпохи Ю.В. Бромлея и западные антрополого-этнологические штудии шли почти не пересекающими курсами, по крайней мере с точки зрения их теоретико-методологического арсенала. Об этом, кстати, написала американский антрополог К. Вердери, вспоминая историю совместных советско-американских симпозиумов в Таллине и Новом Орлеане в 1980-е годы. Эти форумы были инициированы горбачевской перестройкой и координировались с советской стороны Ю.В. Бромлеем, с американской – С. Минцем в рамках межакадемических обменов наших стран. Вот как К. Вердери описывает свои впечатления от этой “встречи” двух школ и идеологий:
4 В то время я не все осознавала. Я просто смотрела на советских ученых как на теоретически допотопных [theoretically antediluvian] по сравнению с нами – молодыми барто-марксистами, вооруженными актуальными тогда ситуационализмом, самоидентификацией, политической экономией. На самом же деле я была свидетелем одной из великих коллизий в работе обществоведов – проблемы связи теории и социальной идеологии… Тогда на конференции я встретилась с собеседником [interlocutor] (имеется в виду Ю.В. Бромлей. – В.Т.) …предлагающим теоретическое объяснение (его концепт этноса) как открытое обоснование идеологии, удерживающей единство Советского Союза (Verdery 2019: 40).
5 “Где кончается этническая теория и начинается идеология?” – спрашивает себя К. Вердери. Тогда у нее не было ответа, и только спустя время она поняла, что “на этой конференции произошло столкновение чего-то гораздо большего, чем хорошая и плохая теории” (Там же).

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