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Sanskrit Legacy, The National Armed Forces, and Modern Political Culture of Indonesia
 
Код статьиS086919080024351-3-1
DOI10.31857/S086919080024351-3
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Захаров Антон Олегович 
Должность: Ведущий научный сотрудник Института востоковедения РАН
Аффилиация: Институт востоковедения РАН
Адрес: Российская Федерация, Москва
Название журналаВосток. Афро-Азиатские общества: история и современность
ВыпускВыпуск 2
Страницы205-214
Аннотация

Despite seventy years of studying, the functioning of Sanskrit and Old Javanese loanwords in modern Indonesian remain understudied. There are a lot of Sanskrit loans in various spheres of modern Indonesian. Many Indonesian military units have Sanskrit names. There are famous Sanskrit loans for Indonesian official ideology Pancasila and for the Indonesian national emblem Garuda Pancasila. Many Indonesian orders, decorations and medals also have Sanskrit names, for example, the military orders Bintang Sakti, or the Sacred Star, and Bintang Dharma, or the Army Distinguished Service Star, instituted in 1958. The word for medal in Indonesian is satyalancana which is a Sanskrit loan compound. Military regional commands may have names of ancient polities or kings which are of Sanskrit origin. Perhaps, the most noteworthy examples are Military Regional Command II Sriwijaya in South Sumatra and Military Regional Command VI Mulawarman in Kalimantan/Borneo. Sriwijaya was a powerful Old Malay kingdom in the seventh–thirteenth centuries; its name means ‘Great or Glorious Victory’ in Sanskrit. Mulawarman was a ruler of an East Kalimantan kingdom in the area of modern Kutai in the fifth century. The paper examines the usage of Sanskrit loans in the National Armed Forces of Indonesia and in the Indonesian award system. Multiple examples of Sanskrit loans in these fields may reflect an emphasis of ancient common cultural heritage in a multi-ethnic and multi-religious society. At the same time, there is a flexible naming practice which is not restricted by Sanskrit loans. These words are used frequently but not exclusively.

Ключевые словаSanskrit, loanwords, Indonesian, Old Javanese, National Armed Forces of Indonesia, political culture
Получено20.04.2023
Дата публикации26.04.2023
Кол-во символов30167
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Оглавление

Introduction
Sanskrit and Old Javanese legacy in the National Armed Forces of Indonesia
Sanskrit loanwords and the Indonesian State and Education
Sanskrit loanwords and the award system of Indonesia
Sanskrit Loans and the Orders of Indonesia
Sanskrit Loans and Medals of Indonesia
Discussion
Conclusion
1

Introduction

Since 1952 when Jan Gonda [Gonda, 1998] published his seminal Sanskrit in Indonesia for the first time, the Indonesian nation has changed drastically. Indonesia’s economy had a sustainable 5 per cent a year growth till the COVID-19 pandemic took place in 2020. Indonesia undertook a serious democratization after the fall of the New Order regime in 1998. The Indonesian population now is over 275 million peoples. Indonesian turned a very rich and flexible language to grasp new institutions and ideas. International scholarship focuses on political trends [Maurer, 2021] and social problems of Indonesia as well as on the problems of genocide in the late 1960s [Cribb, 1990; Kammen & McGregor, 2012] or the history of Indonesian military [Crouch, 2007; Daves, 2013a–b; 2014; Conboy, 2003]. But one aspect of modern political culture remains underestimated. I mean Indonesian awards, army units and social institutions vocabulary which is full of Sanskrit and Old Javanese loanwords. The objective of my paper is to show and explain multiple forms of Sanskrit and Old Javanese legacy in modern political culture of Indonesia.
2

Sanskrit and Old Javanese legacy in the National Armed Forces of Indonesia
3 The National Armed Forces of Indonesia (Tentara Nasional Indonesia, TNI) has influenced the country’s development in so many aspects that the history of the Indonesian state is very much a history of its military. During the New Order regime under President General Suharto, the TNI officially possessed the dual function, political and pure military (dwifungsi). Since a democratization of the late 1990s, it lacked supremacy in the Indonesian social order but it still obtains a great power. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the TNI and the National Police of Indonesia did manage to strengthen their positions as the key actors in the domestic policy.
4 Old Javanese legacies can be traced in several spheres of the TNI. First, its military districts and units often have Sanskrit, Old Javanese or Old Malay names. Second, Indonesian war ships and aircrafts also have Old Javanese names. There are such names for military districts as Mulawarman in Kalimantan (Komando Daerah Militer VI/Mulawarman). Mūlavarman was a fifth century king of the Kutai area in South Kalimantan who left seven Sanskrit inscriptions [Vogel, 1918; Chhabra, 1965]. His Sanskrit name means “the defender of roots”, from mūla and -varman. Military area commands in the Kodam VI Mulawarman also have names which were borrowed from Sanskrit through Old Javanese—Aji Surya Natakesuma, Maharajalilla, and Antasari. Aji Suryanata Kesuma was a king of Berau area in East Kalimantan in the early fifteenth century. Suryanata originates from Sanskrit Sūryanātha ‘the Lord of the Sun’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 534, 1243]. Kesuma or kusuma means ‘flower’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 298; Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 936]. Maharajalilla probably is Skt. mahārājalīlā ‘a play of a great king’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 903; Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 1026]. Antasari, perhaps, is from Skt. antaśarīra ‘the inner body, the innermost part of the body’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 85].
5 Komando Daerah Militer III/Siliwangi or Kodam III/Siliwangi is one of the oldest military districts of the TNI established in 1946. It is located in West Java. The district bears the name of a fifteenth century West Java kingdom and of a semi-legendary king Siliwangi. This personage has a strong association with tigers, and the emblem of the Siliwangi dynasty shows this powerful predator. The Kodam III/Siliwangi includes four military area commands (Komando Resor Militer/Korem), two of them bear Sanskrit or Old Javanese names—Korem 061/Surya Kencana and Korem 062/Taruma Nagara. Tarumanagara is the name of a fifth century kingdom in West Java which left several Sanskrit inscriptions in praise of the King Purnawarman (Pūrṇavarman in Sanskrit) [Vogel, 1925].
6 Komando Daerah Militer Jayakarta which previously had the number V, was sanctioned in 1958 and inaugurated in early 1960 [Daves, 2013a, p. 425]. It covers the Greater Jakarta area. Its name is regularly abbreviated as Jaya which means ‘victory’ in Sanskrit [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 412] and Old Javanese [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 735]. The name Jayakarta is jayakartā ‘a victor, or a maker of a victory’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 810, ‘kartā’]. Kodam Jaya’s military area commands1 have the root wijaya, or ‘victory’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 2270; Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 960], in their names—Korem 051 Wijayakarta in Bekasi and Korem 052 Wijayakrama in Tangerang. The meaning of Wiyayakarta is synonymous to Jayakarta. Wijayakrama means ‘course of victory or victorious’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 891, ‘krama’; Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 319]. The combat units of the Kodam Jaya often bear names which include the term jaya: the 1st Mechanized Infantry Brigade/Jayasakti—‘victorious power’ from jaya+śakti [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 1607]; the 201st Mechanized Infantry Battalion/Jaya Yudha—‘weapon of victory’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, passim]; 7th Cavalry Battalion/Pragosa Satya — perhaps, from praghoṣa ‘sound, noise’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 656], and satya ‘faithful, virtuous’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 1135; Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 1714]; the 9th Cavalry Battalion/Satya Dharma Kala—‘Faithful Service Time’ or, probably, ‘Faithful Scorpions’ as Kala may be both Sanskrit and Old Javanese kāla ‘time’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 277; Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 768], and Old Javanese kala ‘scorpion’ [Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 767]2; 3rd Combat Engineers Detachment/Agni Tirta Dharma — ‘Way of Fire and Holy Water’, from Sanskrit agni ‘fire’ + Old Javanese tīrtha ‘(holy) water’ + Sanskrit dharma ‘way, path’ [Monier-Williams, 1899, p. 5, 449 3, 510; Zoetmulder, 1982, p. 25, 2019, 367 resp.]. 1. The list of military areas and combat units can be found online: Kodam Jayakarta. Wikipedia. >>>> (accessed 18.06.2022).

2. It is worthy of note that the 9th Cavalry Battalion/Satya Dharma Kala is equipped with Scorpion 90 tanks and its variants. It may be a bit symbolical as Scorpions-Kala have Scorpions-tanks.

3. In Sanskrit, the word tīrtha means ‘a bathing-place, place of a pilgrimage, a piece of water, or a channel’ but it has no meaning of ‘water in general’.

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Дополнительные библиографические источники и материалы

. М.: Русский язык, 1990.


. М.: Доброе слово, 2001. С. 72–75.


Jakarta: Universitas Indonesia, Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya, Departemen Arkeologi; École française d’Extrême-Orient; Kepustakan Populer Gramedia, 2012.


Prasasti Indonesia II). Bandung: Masa Baru, 1956.


Delhi: Munshi Ram Manohar Lal, 1965.


1930. T. 30. P. 29–80.


KOPASSUS: Inside Indonesia’s Special Forces. Jakarta, Singapore: Equinox Publishing, 2003.


The Army and Politics in Indonesia. Jakarta–Kuala Lumpur: Equinox Publishing, 2007 (1st ed. Cornell University, 1978).


 Clayton: Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University, 1990.


The Struggle for Independence and the Sukarno Era. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013(1).


Soeharto and the New Order. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2013(2).


Soeharto’s Fall and the Reformasi Era. Scotts Valley: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2014.


Sanskrit in Indonesia. New Delhi: International Academy of Indian Culture and Aditya Prakashan, 1998 (1st ed. 1952).


Semaian 25). Leiden: Department of Languages and Cultures of Southeast Asia and Oceania, University of Leiden, 2009 


. Singapore: NUS Press; NIAS Press; Asian Studies Association of Australia; 2012.


History of Dharmaśāstra. (Ancient and Medieval Religious and Civil Law in India). Vol. 1. Puna: Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, 1968 (1st ed. 1930).


China and Asia: A Journal in Historical Studies. 2022. No. 4. Pp. 38–91.


Newcastle upon Tune: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2009. Pp. 434–484.


Geneva: Graduate Institute Geneva, 2021.


A Sanskrit–English Dictionary etymologically and philologically arranged with special reference to cognate Indo-European languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1899.


. Copenhagen: Nias Press, 2007.


Javanese-English Dictionary. Hong Kong – Singapore: Periplus Editions, 2002.


Prise publ. fund. Vol. 7). London: Royal Asiatic society, 1923.


Pp. 167–232.


Batavia, 1925. Pp. 15–35.


Early Indonesian Commerce: A Study in the Origins of Śrīvijaya. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1967.


The Fall of Śrīvijaya in Malay History. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 1970.


. 225–231.


Journal of the Orders and Medals Society of America. 2021. 72.1 Pp. 34–37.


Old Javanese-English Dictionary. Parts 1–2. Gravenhage: Martinus Nijhoff, 1982.

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