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Mainstream and Populist Political Strategies to Emerge from the Global Systemic Crisis: The Case of the United States
 
PIIS268667300014340-4-1
DOI10.31857/S268667300014340-4
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Lev Sokolshchik 
Affiliation: National Research University “Higher School of Economics”
Address: Russian Federation, Moscow
Journal nameUSA & Canada: ekonomika, politika, kultura
EditionIssue 4
Pages73-95
Abstract

Mainstream and populist political strategies to respond to the global systemic crisis are examined in the article through three variables: international agenda, domestic political agenda, value agenda. The article analyses the empirical data on the US political process. The investigation is based on the modern interpretation of Max Weber’s ideal type framework, a qualitative congruence analysis, a qualitative discourse analysis, and a case study method. The application of the theoretical approach of Jeffrey Pressman and Aaron Wildavsky (implementation studies) allows us to consider political strategy as a theoretical concept separately from the stage of its implementation. Taking into account contemporary discovers in the field, the paper proposes definitions of mainstream and populism that are refined in the focus of the theory of political strategy. The research shows that the major typological difference between mainstream and populism lies in the assessment of globalization and its political, economic, social, and cultural consequences. The paper reveals a predominant coincidence of the case of Donald Trump’s strategy with the populist ideal type in the international agenda and a partial coincidence in the domestic and value agendas. The analysis of the case of Joseph Biden’s strategy demonstrates a partial coincidence with the mainstream ideal type in the international agenda and a predominant coincidence in the domestic and value agendas. The author concludes that mainstream and populist political strategies can be combined in a real political process, in spite of their competition. The results of the study suggest that mainstream and populist political strategies have the potential for a broader combination in the US political development.

Keywordsglobal systemic crisis, mainstream, populism, political strategy, US foreign policy, US domestic policy, values, Donald J. Trump, Joseph R. Biden
AcknowledgmentThe reported study was funded by RFBR and EISR, project number 20-011-31821 «World politics and economy megatrends in the context of a global systemic crisis: models and strategies for Russia»
Received15.03.2021
Publication date02.04.2021
Number of characters39518
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Table of contents

ВВЕДЕНИЕ
ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
МЕЙНСТРИМНАЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ: ИДЕАЛЬНЫЙ ТИП
ПОПУЛИСТСКАЯ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ: ИДЕАЛЬНЫЙ ТИП
ПОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ СТРАТЕГИЯ Д. ТРАМПА И СИСТЕМНЫЙ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЙ КРИЗИС
СТРАТЕГИЯ ДЖ. БАЙДЕНА И СИСТЕМНЫЙ ГЛОБАЛЬНЫЙ КРИЗИС
ЗАКЛЮЧЕНИЕ
1

ВВЕДЕНИЕ
2 Кризисные процессы в глобальной политико-экономической системе, ядром которой выступают страны Запада во главе с США, серьёзно усугубились в период «великой рецессии» 2008–2009 гг. и получили дальнейшее развитие во время пандемии нового коронавируса. Фундаментальные дисбалансы либеральной модели глобализации оказали существенное влияние на различные стороны общественно-политической жизни, в том числе на внутриполитический ландшафт западных стран. Одной из ключевых тенденций в эволюции политических систем индустриально развитых стран стал рост поддержки популистов, выступающих в качестве оппозиции представителям мейнстрима, «которые становятся все более похожими друг на друга с точки зрения экономических и социокультурных вопросов» [Sychowiec M. 2021]. Ключевой исследовательской задачей в работе стал поиск ответа на вопрос о том, как абстрактные идеальные типы политических стратегий мейнстрима и популизма по выходу из кризиса преломляются и комбинируются в условиях реального политического процесса США.
3

ТЕОРИЯ И МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
4 В современной научной литературе сложился ряд подходов к пониманию политической стратегии. Важный вклад в разработку данной проблемы внесли исследователи Дж. Пресманн и А. Вилдавски. Отправной точкой в их рассуждении было разделение процесса выработки политической стратегии от её непосредственной реализации на практике. Стратегия, в их понимании, сконцентрирована на формулировании основных целей политики и теории для их достижения. Стадия имплементации стратегии в реальной политике определяется ими как сложный процесс, включающий в себя длинные цепочки взаимодействий между различными уровнями власти и оценку конечных результатов в соотнесении с начальными условиями [The Oxford Handbook... 2015].
5 Другой подход предполагает рассмотрение политической стратегии на более низком уровне абстракции в виде задач, мероприятий, политической практики, которые нацелены на электоральный успех конкретной политической партии. Как замечает исследователь А. Элиас, важнейшим атрибутом демократических политических систем являются конкурентные выборы, в ходе которых для получения власти политические партии борются за поддержку избирателей [Elias A. 2019]. С данной целью партии разрабатывают стратегии, призванные максимизировать электоральный результат.
6 В силу комплексного характера изучаемых явлений (мейнстрим и популизм) и проблематики (включает различные аспекты глобального кризиса) целесообразно в контексте исследования рассмотреть политическую стратегию в фокусе более широкого первого подхода. Исследование политической стратегии как теоретического элемента предполагает выделение её основных уровней: регионального, национального, международного. Поскольку работа сфокусирована на проблеме глобального системного кризиса в контексте политического процесса конкретной страны (США), то представляется логичным сконцентрироваться на исследовании общенационального и международного уровней политической стратегии рассматриваемых политических игроков.

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