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Dynamics and geography of the international tourist exchange of the UK in the first two decades of the 21st century
 
Код статьиS221979310013368-7-1
DOI10.37490/S221979310013368-7
Тип публикации Статья
Статус публикации Опубликовано
Авторы
Иванова Любовь Александровна 
Должность: Senior sales Manager
Аффилиация: Travel agency “Sletat’ Ru”
Адрес: Russian Federation, Pskov
Название журналаПсковский регионологический журнал
ВыпускВыпуск 1 (45)
Страницы92-109
Аннотация

The UK is homeland to tourism and has a long history of organizing tourism. And although the United Kingdom was in the top 10 countries in the world for receiving foreign tourists in 2019, 2020 brought the country a deep crisis in the tourism sector caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. At the same time, this crisis may continue after the removal of restrictions on movement associated with the pandemic, but already due to the country's exit from the European Union and changes in the rules for crossing the country's borders from 2021. The purpose of the article is to assess the impact of various factors on the size and structure of entry and outbound tourism in Great Britain in the first two decades of the XXI century. The novelty of the study is the geographical analysis of the attendance of different regions of the United Kingdom by tourists from countries that provide the bulk of the inbound tourist flow. As shown by the results of the study, the dynamics of international tourist exchange in Great Britain in the period 2000–2019 to a greater extent were influenced by two factors — the economic crisis at the end of the first decade and Brexit at the end of the second decade. The second crisis escalated in 2020 into a massive collapse caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. So, in the second quarter of 2020, the value of the inbound tourist flow was 25 times less than in previous years.

Ключевые словаinbound and outbound tourism, structure of tourist flow, tourist attendance in regions, Brexit, Covid-19
Получено19.05.2021
Дата публикации19.05.2021
Кол-во символов26194
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1 Introduction. Great Britain is the birthplace of tourism as a form of conducting and organizing cultural leisure, which later turned into one of the fastest-growing sectors of the world economy. The country has the longest experience in the development of the tourism industry in the world and has accumulated considerable experience in improving this sector of the economy. That is why the United Kingdom attracts attention from experts in the field of tourism from different countries.
2 In 2019 The United Kingdom ranked tenth in the world in terms of foreign tourist traffic, whilst was only 21st in the world in terms of population (at the beginning of 2020). However, the United Kingdom's tourism industry was not spared the shocks of the first two decades of the 21st century – the economic crisis at the end of the first decade and Brexit at the end of the second decade. But the most severe effect to the UK tourism industry was caused by the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020–2021, which led to multiple reductions in the size of incoming and outgoing tourist flows.
3 The purpose of the study is to identify the influence of various factors on the dynamics and geography of inbound and outbound tourism in the UK in the first two decades of the 21st century.
4 Overview of the predecessors’ work. Due to the interest from tourism specialists, many publications are devoted to the development of the tourism sector in this country. Together with the general issues of tourism development in the United Kingdom [1–3; 8], including domestic tourism [18], special attention is paid to the experience of the state in improving the tourism sector. This applies to tourism in general in the post-industrial era [10; 13; 14; 29], and individual types of tourism [5; 11], or the demand for this historical and cultural heritage of the country [12; 23]. Moreover, this experience is considered from a variety of perspectives, for example, from the impact on established local communities’ point of view [28]. It is also necessary to note the works where the dynamics of the tourist exchange of Great Britain with Russia is analyzed [3; 20]. Using the example of Great Britain, the author considers the exit of the tourism industry from the global economic crisis at the end of the first decade of the 21st century [21; 22]. There are also publications devoted to the analysis of the impact of the country's vote to leave the European Union (Brexit) [7; 9]. Thus, the impact on the development of tourism is considered not only economic but also geopolitical factors. Geopolitics has a significant impact on the size, structure, and direction of tourist flows [30], and, in this regard, we can particularly note the study devoted to the discussion of options for the development of tourism in Scotland in the event of its secession from the United Kingdom (as a reaction to the 2014 referendum) [25].
5 In 2020, the entire world was in a state of crisis in the tourism industry, associated with the complete or partial closure of most state borders to limit the spread of COVID-19. These restrictions fully affected the UK, which affected multiple decreases in the size of inbound and outbound tourism. Many scientific papers have already been devoted to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the global tourism industry ([4; 15; 19; 24; 26] and others), but it is likely that a full analysis of this impact on tourism in the UK will be given only after the end of the COVID-19 pandemic.
6 Information base and research methodology. The information base of the article is tourism statistics presented on national websites such as VisitBritain1 and Office for National Statistics2, as well as Eurostat3 and UNWTO (World Tourism Organization)4. The analysis of the international tourist exchange dynamics in Great Britain is based on the methodology that was developed to characterize the changes in the outbound tourism structure of citizens of the Russian Federation over a significant time interval in the 21st century [6; 17]. 1. Inbound nation, region & county data. URL: >>>>

2. Office for National Statistics. URL: >>>>

3. Eurostat regional yearbook 2020. URL: >>>>

4. A compilation of data on tourism flows between source markets and destinations, powered by Telefonica / UNWTO. URL: >>>>
7 It is necessary to mention the method that allows displaying on the map the geography of visits by foreign tourists to different regions of the UK. The traditional method involves identifying the countries that are leading in terms of the number of tourists visiting a particular region of the country. This is how the information on foreign tourists' visits to the UK regions is presented in the report for 2019, provided on the VisitBritain website [27]. There are also examples of improving this methodology when a classification of regions is developed based on the share of tourists arriving from the leading three countries, which is then used for typological zoning of the country. This technique has been tested, for example, in Finland [16]. But if there is a need to show the geography of the distribution of visits to the regions by tourists from more than three or four countries, this method is not suitable.
8 The article uses a different method, which determines not the leading countries for foreign tourists in the regions, but the regions of the state that are most visited by tourists from specific countries. For this purpose, a relative indicator is used, which is called the “degree of attendance”. This indicator is calculated based on a comparison of the share of the country's region in visits by all foreign tourists and tourists from a particular country. If the share of visits to the region from a particular country is more than 1.5 times higher than the share of visits to the region by all foreign tourists, then the degree of attendance is designated as “high”. Similarly, but in the opposite direction, a “low” degree of attendance is defined. Intermediate stages are designated as “above average” and “below average”. The exception was made by the leading regions in the UK in terms of foreign tourist traffic — the South-East and London. Here, other quantitative criteria are used to distinguish these four categories (by a difference of 1.25 and 1.05 times, respectively, from the regional average).

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