Legal Aspects Of Enforcing The Rights Of Gas Pipeline Title Owners When Performing Works On Land Plots Owned By Others

Occupation: Category 2 Legal Counsel at Gazprom Transgaz Saratov Limited Liability Company
Affiliation: Gazprom Transgaz Saratov Limited Liability Company
Address: Russian Federation, Saratov

Journal name

Energy law forum

Edition

Issue 2

Pages

69-78

Abstract

This article is dedicated to a complex study of the issues of protection of rights of title gas pipeline holders (gas pipeline owners and gas pipeline operating companies) in performance of engineering works on gas transmission network sections located within the boundaries of land plots owned by others. Considering the special nature of a gas transmission network as a source of increased danger and a hazardous industrial facility, the author believes that one of the priority areas of gas pipeline operation is regular diagnostics and maintenance as well as in-process current (emergency) repair performed to avoid any breakdowns of the normal operation mode of the gas transmission network and causing of damage to lives, health and property of third parties. Taking into account these circumstances and the specifics of legal regulation of gas pipeline operation, the author of the article singles out the legal problem that lies in the ambiguity of approaches to the solution of the issue of provision of the title gas pipeline holder with access to the operated section of the gas transmission network if such facility is located within the boundaries of a land plot not owned by the gas pipeline holder. In order to solve this problem, the author performs a systemic analysis of the applicable laws of the Russian Federation and the legislative practice of some foreign countries and singles out three key concepts of provision of access to a gas pipeline located at a land plot owned by another person; such concepts include an opportunity to establish private or public easement and imperative proclamation of the unconditional right of the gas pipeline holder to unrestricted access to any section of the operated gas transmission network irrespective of the ownership of land plots such sites are located at. The author gives a systemic evaluation of each of the mentioned conceptual approaches; based on such evaluation, the author brings forward recommendations for improvement of the applicable laws to comply with the proclaimed principle of ensuring energy security of the Russian Federation.

Keywords

energy law, legal support of energy security, gas transmission network, main gas pipeline, gas pipeline operation, provision of access, easement

Received

14.03.2023

Publication date

27.06.2023

Number of characters

13266

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GOST	Tsyganovsky R. Legal Aspects Of Enforcing The Rights Of Gas Pipeline Title Owners When Performing Works On Land Plots Owned By Others // Energy law forum – 2023. – Issue 2 C. 69-78 [Electronic resource]. URL: https://mlcjournal.ru/S231243500026206-4-1 (circulation date: 19.05.2024). DOI: 10.18254/S231243500026193-0
MLA	Tsyganovsky, Roman G "Legal Aspects Of Enforcing The Rights Of Gas Pipeline Title Owners When Performing Works On Land Plots Owned By Others." Energy law forum 2 (2023):69-78. DOI: 10.18254/S231243500026193-0
APA	Tsyganovsky R. (2023). Legal Aspects Of Enforcing The Rights Of Gas Pipeline Title Owners When Performing Works On Land Plots Owned By Others. Energy law forum (2), pp.69-78 DOI: 10.18254/S231243500026193-0

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1	Against the background of continuous growth of the speed of industrial and technological progress, the gas industry has taken up the role of one of the most important areas of ensuring sustainable functioning and development of the national economy of Russia. Due to the geological and geographical features of the Russian state, the gas transmission system in place in our country is a unique complex that has no analogues across the globe [1].
2	Thus, the Russian Federation is currently operating more than 185 thousand km of main pipelines [2] and the total length of gas transmission networks including gas distribution pipelines is about 1 million km [3]. Each of them is a source of increased danger from the civil law standpoint [4] and a hazardous industrial facility from the standpoint of industrial safety laws [5].
3	These facts directly determine that support of a high level of security of facilities taking part in the natural gas transportation process should be the priority area of operation of gas networks and improvement of the gas transmission industry as well as the fundamental strategic guideline of the state energy policy [6]. Direct confirmation of the above is the principle of ensuring energy security of the Russian Federation (Article 4 of Federal Law No. 69-FZ of March 31, 1999 On Gas Supply in the Russian Federation (the “Gas Supply Law”) legally proclaimed as one of the key grounds of the state gas supply policy of the Russian Federation) [7].
4	One can objectively conclude that achievement of the above stated energy security level is directly linked to the setup of a complex industrial and engineering mechanism of maintenance in a good working order of the linear part, units, equipment, mechanisms and machines of a gas pipeline by the entity operating the gas transmission network.
5	In a real-case scenario, implementation of the indicated task is facilitated by performance of specific events by the gas pipeline owner to prevent, identify and eliminate any violations of the normal gas transmission network operation conditions: from technical diagnostics and servicing (which is the obligation of operating companies based on the applicable industrial safety rules [8]) to major and current (scheduled and emergency [9]) repair of gas transmission network facilities and section [10]. Each of the work types mentioned above often requires direct access to the gas pipeline string: for external examination of gas pipeline equipment and section, evaluation of the condition of insulation coating at technical diagnostics of the linear part [11], elimination of hole-type damage of tube wells, damage to the insulating layer, etc. in the course of repair works [12]. Thus, due events aimed at maintenance of the good working condition of gas transmission infrastructure facilities seem almost impossible to conduct without probing earthworks.
6	The applicable laws give the main gas pipeline owner and the main gas pipeline operating company a right to probing within the protected gas pipeline zone to perform gas pipeline maintenance and repair works (Paragraph 3, Subclause (a), Clause 19 of the Main Gas Pipeline Protection Rules) [13] for the purpose of comprehensive implementation of the above listed events.
7	However, the Main Gas Pipeline Protection Rules make the opportunity to actually exercise this right dependent on the preliminary notification of owners or other lawful holders of land plots, within the boundaries of which such protected zone lies, on such works (at least five days prior to the start of the works). The stated facts make it absolutely impossible to start any urgent (or even quick) maintenance or repair of a gas transmission network section located within the boundaries of a land plot owned by another person. This challenging issue is not so critical in case of planned technical diagnostics or scheduled major repair of a gas pipeline; however, if there is a need to perform an emergency (unscheduled) repair of a gas pipeline section due to any failure of normal functioning (or immediate threat of such failure), any delay can be fatal and create a potential risk of a significant environmental, property damage, damage to the life and health of people at large.
8	In the described circumstances, the problem of access of the operating company to a land plot owned by another person, within the boundaries of which the protected zone of the gas pipeline is located, becomes significant in terms of organization of scheduled preventive and emergency maintenance and repair of gas transmission infrastructure facilities.
9	One of the mechanisms (seemingly the most obvious one) that is able to ensure access of the title gas pipeline holder to other persons’ land plot for probing aimed at pipeline maintenance and repair is the institution of restricted use of a land plot owned by another person (easement).
10	In accordance with Clause 1, Article 274 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation (the “CC RF”), the real estate (land plot, other real estate) owner may request the owner of the adjacent land plot and the owner of yet another (adjacent) land plot (where required) to give a right of restricted use of the adjacent land plot (easement). Easement may be established to ensure passage and travel across the adjacent land plot, construction, reconstruction and (or) operation of linear facilities that make no obstruction to the permitted land plot use or other needs of the real estate owner if the same cannot be ensured without easement establishment [14]. The opportunity to apply easement that is stipulated by provisions of the civil laws and got the name of a private one, to relations in the gas transmission sphere has been repeatedly confirmed in the legal doctrine [15] and the law enforcement practice of judicial authorities of the Russian Federation [16]. This institution is often used to ensure functioning of gas transmission network facilities in foreign countries: the USA [17], New Zealand [18], countries of the European Union [19] and others.

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1. Tsikin A.M. The Main Elements of the Program of Development of the Gas Industry in Russia // Economics of Construction and Environmental Management. 2018. No. 3 (68). p. 96.

2. Transport in Russia. 2022: Statistics Bulletin / Federal State Statistics Service. T65 M., 2022. p. 34.

3. Novak A.V. Gasification of Regions as a Social Priority // Energy Policy. 2020. No. 11 (153). p. 6.

4. Review of the Judicial Practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 2 (2016) (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on July 6, 2016) // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 3–4 ; Nenashev M.M. Source of Increased Danger // ConsultantPlus reference legal system. 2023.

5. Federal Law No. 116-FZ of July 21, 1997 (as amended on November 4, 2022) On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1997. No. 30. Art. 3588 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 45. Art. 7672 ; 23.

6. Kurushina V.A., Zemenkov Yu.D. The Role of Oil and Gas Pipeline Transport in Ensuring Energy Security // Oil and Gas of Western Siberia : materials of the international scientific and technical conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University. Volume 2. p. 56.

7. Federal Law No. 69-FZ of March 31, 1999 (as amended on July 14, 2022) On Gas Supply in the Russian Federation // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1999. No. 14. Art. 1667 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 29 (part 3). Art. 5251.

8. Order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia No. 517 of December 11, 2020 On Approval of Federal Provisions and Rules in the Industrial Safety Field: Safety Rules for Hazardous Production Facilities of Main Pipelines (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 61745 of December 23, 2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012230062 (date of access : February 12, 2023) ; Order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia No. 531 of December 15, 2020 On Approval of Federal Provisions and Rules in the Industrial Safety Field: Safety Rules for Gas Distribution and Gas Consumption Networks (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 61962 of December 30, 2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012300106 (date of access: February 12, 2023).

9. Kyazimov K.G. Organization and Operation of the Gas Economy : textbook for primary professional education / K.G. Kyazimov, V.E. Gusev. 5th edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow : Academy publishing center, 2013. P. 171–172.

10. Rules of Operation of Main Gas Pipelines (approved by Order of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 33 of January 22, 2015 ) // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. 2015. No. 83 (27959) ; Rules of Operation of Main Gas Pipelines of STO Gazprom 2-3.5-454-2010 (approved and enacted by Order of Gazprom, OJSC, No. 130 of May 24, 2010) // Library of Regulatory Documents of Inter-Regional Quality Center Autonomous Non-Profit Institution [Electronic resource]. URL: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data1/53/53416 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

11. Order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia No. 517 of December 11, 2020 On Approval of Federal Provisions and Rules in the Industrial Safety Field: Safety Rules for Hazardous Production Facilities of Main Pipelines (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 61745 on December 23, 2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012230062 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

12. Gunkina T.A. Operation of Main Gas Pipelines and Gas Storage Facilities : textbook / Gunkina T.A., Poltavskaya M.D. Stavropol : North Caucasus Federal University, 2015. 206 p. ; Kyazimov K.G. Organization and Operation of the Gas Economy : textbook for primary professional education / K.G. Kyazimov, V.E. Gusev. 5th edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow : Academy publishing center, 2013. P. 173.

13. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1083 of September 8, 2017 (as amended on July 15, 2019) On Approval of the Rules for the Protection of Main Gas Pipelines and on Amendments to the Regulations on Submission of Additional Information Reproduced on Public Cadastral Maps to the Federal Executive Authority (Its Territorial Authorities) Authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation to Carry out State Cadastral Registration, State Registration of Rights, Maintenance of the Unified State Register of Real Estate and Provision of information Contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate by Federal Executive Authorities, Government Authorities of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation and Local Self-Government Authorities // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 38. Art. 5621 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 29 (part 2). Article 4041.

14. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) No. 51-FZ of November 30, 1994 (as amended on April 16, 2022) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1994. No. 32. Art. 3301; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 16. Art. 2601.

15. Laletina A.S. Easements in the Construction of Gas Pipelines // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2011. No. 9. p. 136–141.

16. Review of the Judicial Practice on Disputes Related to the Construction of Buildings and Structures in Pipeline Protection Zones and within the Boundaries of Minimum Distances to Main or Industrial Pipelines (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 23, 2021) // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. 2021. No. 9.

17. Penn State Extension (April, 2010). Natural Gas Pipeline Right-of-Ways: Understanding Landowner Rights and Options. State College, PA : Pennsylvania State University ; Pifer, R., Hall, P.K. (2015). Easement Negotiation 101: Focus on Gas Pipelines and Energy Transmission Lines Second Annual Mid-South Agricultural & Environmental Law Conference April 17, 2015. Memphis, Tennessee.

18. Land Act 1948. New Zealand.

19. Račinska I., Vahtrus S. (2018). The Use of Conservation Easements in the European Union. Report to NABU Federal Association.

20. The Land Code of the Russian Federation No. 136-FZ of October 25, 2001 (as amended on December 5, 2022) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2001. No. 44. Art. 4147 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 50 (Part 3). Art. 8801 ; Federal Law No. 341-FZ of August 3, 2018 On Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Terms of Simplifying the Placement of Linear Objects // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2018. No. 32 (part 2). Art. 5134.

21. Federal Law No. 341-FZ of August 3, 2018 On Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Terms of Simplifying the Placement of Linear Objects // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2018. No. 32 (part 2). Art. 5134.

22. Explanatory Note to the Draft Federal Law On Amendments to Some Legal Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding Simplification of Construction, Reconstruction, Major Repair and (or) Operation of Linear Facilities (Bill No. 187920-7) // Legislative Activity Support System [Electronic resource]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/download/E8D8D645-8994-41C8-87C0-9C6C2F0C6612 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

23. The Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 442 of June 20, 2003 // Records of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2003. No. 13. Art. 99 ; Resolution of the Akimat of the South Kazakhstan region No. 334 of November 14, 2012 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Placement of the C Line of the Kazakhstan-China Main Gas Pipeline // South Kazakhstan. 2012. № 143 ; Pipe-Lines Act 1962. 1962 CHAPTER 58 10 and 11 Eliz 2.

24. Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation No. 773 of September 11, 2020 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Use of Land and Land Plots for the Construction and Operation of The Power of Siberia Main Gas Pipeline Federal Gas Supply System Facility. Kovykta–Chayanda Site (Stage 1)” // Official website of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]. URL: https://minenergo.gov.ru/node/19023 (date of access : February 12, 2023). ; Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation No. 1257 of November 25, 2022 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Use of Land and Land Plots for the Construction and Operation of the Expansion of the Unified Gas Supply System to Ensure Gas Supply to the South Stream Gas Pipeline (Eastern Corridor) Linear Gas Supply System Facility of Federal Significance, South European Gas Pipeline. Pochinki–Anapa Site, 661st km–834th km (Linear Part)” // Garant reference legal system [Electronic resource]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/405834263 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

25. Krasnova T.S. Public Easement for the Placement of a Linear Object : commentary on the novelties of the Land Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 3. p. 124–144.

26. Federal Law No. 342-FZ of August 3, 2018 (as amended on December 30, 2021) On Amendment of the Urban Development Code of the Russian Federation and Separate Legal Acts of the Russian Federation // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2018. No. 32 (part 2). Art. 5135 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 1 (part 1). Art. 16.

27. Krasnova T.S. Public Easement for the Placement of a Linear Object : commentary on the novelties of the Land Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 3. p. 137.

28. The Administrative Offense Code of the Russian Federation No. 195-FZ of December 30, 2001 (as amended on January 27, 2023) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2002. No. 1 (Part 1). Art. 1 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 49. Art. 8759.

Additional sources and materials

REFERENCES

1. The Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Part One) No. 51-FZ of November 30, 1994 (as amended on April 16, 2022) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1994. No. 32. Art. 3301; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 16. Art. 2601.

2. Gunkina T.A. Operation of Main Gas Pipelines and Gas Storage Facilities : textbook / Gunkina T.A., Poltavskaya M.D. Stavropol : North Caucasus Federal University, 2015. 206 p.

3. The Land Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 442 of June 20, 2003 // Records of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2003. No. 13. Art. 99.

4. The Land Code of the Russian Federation No. 136-FZ of October 25, 2001 (as amended on December 5, 2022) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2001. No. 44. Art. 4147 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 50 (Part 3). Art. 8801.

5. The Administrative Offense Code of the Russian Federation No. 195-FZ of December 30, 2001 (as amended on January 27, 2023) // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2002. No. 1 (Part 1). Art. 1 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 49. Art. 8759.

6. Krasnova T.S. Public Easement for the Placement of a Linear Object : commentary on the novelties of the Land Code of the Russian Federation // Bulletin of Economic Justice of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 3. p. 124–144.

7. Kurushina V.A., Zemenkov Yu.D. The Role of Oil and Gas Pipeline Transport in Ensuring Energy Security // Oil and Gas of Western Siberia : materials of the international scientific and technical conference dedicated to the 55th anniversary of the Tyumen State Oil and Gas University. Volume 2. p. 56–58.

8. Kyazimov K.G. Organization and Operation of the Gas Economy : textbook for primary professional education / K.G. Kyazimov, V.E. Gusev. 5th edition, revised and enlarged. Moscow : Academy publishing center, 2013. 432 p.

9. Laletina A.S. Easements in the Construction of Gas Pipelines // Law and State: Theory and Practice. 2011. No. 9. p. 136–141.

10. Nenashev M.M. Source of Increased Danger // ConsultantPlus reference legal system. 2023.

11. Novak A.V. Gasification of Regions as a Social Priority // Energy Policy. 2020. No. 11 (153). p. 4–11.

12. Review of the Judicial Practice of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation No. 2 (2016) (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on July 6, 2016) // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 3–4.

13. Review of the Judicial Practice on Disputes Related to the Construction of Buildings and Structures in Pipeline Protection Zones and within the Boundaries of Minimum Distances to Main or Industrial Pipelines (approved by the Presidium of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on June 23, 2021) // Bulletin of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation. 2021. No. 9.

14. Resolution of the Akimat of the South Kazakhstan region No. 334 of November 14, 2012 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Placement of the C Line of the Kazakhstan-China Main Gas Pipeline // South Kazakhstan. 2012. № 143.

15. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation No. 1083 of September 8, 2017 (as amended on July 15, 2019) On Approval of the Rules for the Protection of Main Gas Pipelines and on Amendments to the Regulations on Submission of Additional Information Reproduced on Public Cadastral Maps to the Federal Executive Authority (Its Territorial Authorities) Authorized by the Government of the Russian Federation to Carry out State Cadastral Registration, State Registration of Rights, Maintenance of the Unified State Register of Real Estate and Provision of information Contained in the Unified State Register of Real Estate by Federal Executive Authorities, Government Authorities of the Constituent Entities of the Russian Federation and Local Self-Government Authorities // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2017. No. 38. Art. 5621 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2019. No. 29 (part 2). Article 4041.

16. Explanatory Note to the Draft Federal Law On Amendments to Some Legal Acts of the Russian Federation Regarding Simplification of Construction, Reconstruction, Major Repair and (or) Operation of Linear Facilities (Bill No. 187920-7) // Legislative Activity Support System [Electronic resource]. URL: https://sozd.duma.gov.ru/download/E8D8D645-8994-41C8-87C0-9C6C2F0C6612 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

17. Rules of Operation of Main Gas Pipelines (approved by Order of the Minister of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 33 of January 22, 2015 ) // Kazakhstanskaya Pravda. 2015. No. 83 (27959).

18. Rules of Operation of Main Gas Pipelines of STO Gazprom 2-3.5-454-2010 (approved and enacted by Order of Gazprom, OJSC, No. 130 of May 24, 2010) // Library of Regulatory Documents of Inter-Regional Quality Center Autonomous Non-Profit Institution [Electronic resource]. URL: https://files.stroyinf.ru/Data1/53/53416 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

19. Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation No. 773 of September 11, 2020 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Use of Land and Land Plots for the Construction and Operation of The Power of Siberia Main Gas Pipeline Federal Gas Supply System Facility. Kovykta–Chayanda Site (Stage 1)” // Official website of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation [Electronic resource]. URL: https://minenergo.gov.ru/node/19023 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

20. Order of the Ministry of Energy of the Russian Federation No. 1257 of November 25, 2022 On the Establishment of a Public Easement for the Use of Land and Land Plots for the Construction and Operation of the Expansion of the Unified Gas Supply System to Ensure Gas Supply to the South Stream Gas Pipeline (Eastern Corridor) Linear Gas Supply System Facility of Federal Significance, South European Gas Pipeline. Pochinki–Anapa Site, 661st km–834th km (Linear Part)” // Garant reference legal system [Electronic resource]. URL: https://base.garant.ru/405834263 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

21. Order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia No. 517 of December 11, 2020 On Approval of Federal Provisions and Rules in the Industrial Safety Field: Safety Rules for Hazardous Production Facilities of Main Pipelines (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 61745 of December 23, 2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012230062 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

22. Order of the Federal Environmental, Industrial and Nuclear Supervision Service of Russia No. 531 of December 15, 2020 On Approval of Federal Provisions and Rules in the Industrial Safety Field: Safety Rules for Gas Distribution and Gas Consumption Networks (registered with the Ministry of Justice of Russia, No. 61962 of December 30, 2020) // Official Internet Portal of Legal Information [Electronic resource]. URL: http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202012300106 (date of access : February 12, 2023).

23. Ten E.V., Skvortsov A.A. Industrial Safety in the Gas Supply Field in the Russian Federation // Problems of Science. 2016. No. 2 (3). p. 25–28.

24. Transport in Russia. 2022: Statistics Bulletin / Federal State Statistics Service. T65 M., 2022. 101 p.

25. Federal Law No. 341-FZ of August 3, 2018 On Amendments to the Land Code of the Russian Federation and Certain Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation in Terms of Simplifying the Placement of Linear Objects // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2018. No. 32 (part 2). Art. 5134.

27. Federal Law No. 116-FZ of July 21, 1997 (as amended on November 4, 2022) On Industrial Safety of Hazardous Production Facilities // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1997. No. 30. Art. 3588 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 45. Art. 7672.

28. Federal Law No. 69-FZ of March 31, 1999 (as amended on July 14, 2022) On Gas Supply in the Russian Federation // Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 1999. No. 14. Art. 1667 ; Corpus of Legislative Acts of the Russian Federation. 2022. No. 29 (part 3). Art. 5251.

29. Tsikin A.M. The Main Elements of the Program of Development of the Gas Industry in Russia // Economics of Construction and Environmental Management. 2018. No. 3 (68). p. 96–106.

30. Land Act 1948. New Zealand.

31. Penn State Extension (April, 2010). Natural Gas Pipeline Right-of-Ways: Understanding Landowner Rights and Options. State College, PA : Pennsylvania State University.

32. Pifer R., Hall P.K. (2015). Easement Negotiation 101: Focus on Gas Pipelines and Energy Transmission Lines Second Annual Mid-South Agricultural & Environmental Law Conference April 17, 2015. Memphis, Tennessee.

33. Pipe-Lines Act 1962. 1962 CHAPTER 58 10 and 11 Eliz 2.

34. Račinska I., Vahtrus S. (2018). The Use of Conservation Easements in the European Union. Report to NABU Federal Association.