The Resonant Qatar: the Phenomenon of a Small Monarchy’s Foreign Political Identity

 
PIIS013122270028595-5-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2023-67-10-94-107
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Occupation: Research Fellow, Center for Middle East Studies
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 67 Issue 10
Pages94-107
Abstract

Foreign policy of Qatar, a dwarf emirate with considerable geographic and demographic limitations, demands special attention. Not only has this small Gulf monarchy succeeded in overcoming its smallness, but also managed to establish itself as an influential actor, both regionally and internationally, in the shortest possible time, breaking and revolutionizing conventional perceptions of capabilities and opportunities of small states in world politics. The paper aims to explore various characteristics of Qatar’s foreign policy, its main principals and goals, instruments and paths of their implementation, as well as its achievements. The author also intends to determine the essence of Qatari foreign political identity and its components, arguing that it was the key to the small Gulf emirate’s global success. Through formulation and assertion of its exceptionalism, skilled promotion of its image as a modern and progressive state, useful military and political partner, reliable supplier of fuel, sought-after international mediator and donor of humanitarian assistance, powerful investor and a transport, cultural, educational, financial hub and a tourist destination in combination with efficient balancing strategy, Doha was able to carve a distinguished niche for itself and cement its position as an important global actor. Despite of a number of setbacks in foreign policy tactics and reputational losses that followed, regardless of speculations about the unrepairable damage to all the previous achievements, the young emir has proven his commitment to the resonant foreign political identity his predecessor had shaped. Its core elements include demonstrative independence and self-sufficiency, exceptionalism distinguishing the emirate form other Gulf monarchies, refusal to accept the bounds of conventional perceptions of “friends” and “foes”, combination of traditions and modernity, as well as vision and proactivity.

KeywordsQatar, foreign policy, small Gulf monarchies, foreign political identity, balancing strategy
Received16.11.2023
Publication date16.11.2023
Number of characters43257
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1

ВВЕДЕНИЕ

2 Одним из основных трендов развития Ближнего Востока в последние годы становится возрастающая активность и самостоятельность региональных игроков [1], наиболее активными из которых оказываются монархии Персидского залива – Саудовская Аравия, ОАЭ и Катар. Они стремительно выходят за пределы своего субрегиона и традиционной ниши поставщиков углеводородов, реализуя масштабные программы социально-политического развития, расширяя трансрегиональные контакты в различных сферах и наращивая свое влияние как на Ближнем Востоке, так и за его границами. В этой связи феномен внешней политики Катара заслуживает особого внимания: “карликовый” эмират с несоразмерными политическими амбициями встал на этот путь задолго до своих соседей – еще с начала 1990-х годов и в достаточно короткие сроки превратился из никому неизвестной малой монархии Залива во влиятельного игрока международного масштаба, бросив вызов региональным лидерам, аравийским обществам и их политическим системам, а также традиционному пониманию внешнеполитических возможностей малых стран.
3 Между тем проблематика катарской внешней политики в российской арабистике становится объектом исследования нечасто. Впрочем, последние несколько лет начали появляться работы, посвященные ее отдельным аспектам, однако практически отсутствуют, за редким исключением [2], исследования, сколь-либо комплексно анализирующие внешнеполитическую стратегию Катара, ее особенности, ключевые характеристики, цели и интересы. Зарубежные специалисты уделяют данной проблематике намного больше внимания: так, значительное место занимает анализ катарской стратегии балансирования [3, 4] – как главного внешнеполитического принципа и способа обеспечения собственной безопасности – и политики амбициозного эмира Катара шейха Хамада бин Халифы Аль Тани по созданию “брэнда” эмирата как способа самопозиционирования малой монархии на международной арене.
4 Профессора Джорджтаунского университета Катара Р. Миллер и Г. Верховен характеризуют феномен внешнеполитической стратегии Катара как “эффект Аль-Джазиры” [5], подразумевая способность малого государства добиться значительных достижений в глобальном масштабе “путем продвижения своего имиджа, радикально выделяющего его на фоне соседей по Заливу, бросая вызов более крупным региональным игрокам”. В свою очередь их коллега М. Камрава, исследуя особенности катарской внешней политики, вводит термин “утонченной силы” (subtle power) – в противовес “мягкой”, “жесткой” и “умной силе”, по его мнению, неспособным в полной мере отразить феномен Катара. “Утонченная сила” подразумевает сочетание трех элементов: способности проецировать влияние, создавать благоприятные для реализации собственных целей условия и формировать определенное восприятие себя и своей политики другими [6].

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