Danish people's party and Danish immigration policy transformation

 
PIIS013122270019335-9-1
DOI10.20542/0131-2227-2022-66-3-119-129
Publication type Article
Status Published
Authors
Affiliation: Primakov National Research Institute of World Economy and International Relations, Russian Academy of Sciences (IMEMO)
Address: 23, Profsoyuznaya Str., Moscow, 117997, Russian Federation
Journal nameMirovaia ekonomika i mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia
EditionVolume 66 Issue 3
Pages119-129
Abstract

The author explores the history of the Danish People’s Party and its effect on Danish immigration policy. The DPP was founded in 1995. It successfully continued the anti-immigration course of the Danish Progress Party fallen into disrepair. The Danish People’s Party represented a synthesis of several political currents: the Lutheran movement Tidehverv and its journal, intellectual nationalists from the Danish Association, and conservative populists from the Progress Party. The DPP seeks to drastically reduce non-Western immigration, opposes Islamization and favors cultural assimilation of immigrants. For 25 years, the Danish People’s Party has managed to maneuver between establishment parties and their small partners in the complicated multi-party political system of Denmark. Dissociated from radical elements, the DPP has occupied a stable position on the right of the traditional bourgeois parties. It has broken the long-term influence of centrist parties, and especially radical left-wing parties, on Danish policy. Collaboration with liberal-conservative forces from 2001 to 2011 and from 2015 to 2019 was the most productive for the Party. The DPP played a key role in writing the rules and conditions for immigration in the immigration law that was established by the government in May 2002. Most importantly, the document provided for strong restrictions in immigration policies, which resulted in what is often described as Europe’s strictest immigration laws. The 24-year rule has drawn a lot of attention. Thanks to European migrant crisis, the 2015 general election was historic for the Danish People’s Party. It got unprecedented electoral support and became Denmark’s second largest political party. However, the Party suffered a major defeat in the 2019 general election, recording its worst result since the establishment by wining 8.7% of votes – down from 21% in 2015, for the following reasons: depletion of anti-immigrant rhetoric and seizing the traditional DPP initiative by the establishment, increased political competition and party’s collaboration with the Social Democrats, unexpected for the DPP voters.

KeywordsDenmark, Danish People’s Party (DPP), Progress Party (Denmark), far-right parties, nationalism, Islamophobia, immigration, integration policy, welfare state
Received24.03.2022
Publication date23.03.2022
Number of characters37720
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1 В 2020 г. ультраправая Датская народная партия, ДНП (Dansk Folkeparti, DF) отметила свое 25-летие. На протяжении всей истории партии залогом ее успеха было не только обращение к широкому спектру актуальных общественных проблем, связанных, в частности, с ростом иммиграции, террористическими угрозами, разрушением национального суверенитета и кризисом скандинавской модели государства всеобщего благосостояния, но и организация жесткой партийной структуры, а также следование умело выбранной стратегии неучастия в правительственных коалициях при поддерживании баланса сил в парламенте Дании. В конечном итоге именно благодаря ДНП в стране удалось существенно ужесточить миграционное законодательство.
2 В 2015 г., ознаменовавшимся мощным миграционным кризисом в ЕС, Датская народная партия достигла своего исторического максимума, получив второе место на очередных парламентских выборах при поддержке 21.1% голосов избирателей и обогнав одну из двух крупнейших мейнстримных партий в стране1 – либеральную партию “Венстре” (Venstre2). Тем не менее руководство ДНП не изменило своим принципам: лидер партии Кристиан Тулесен Даль принял решение не участвовать в формировании правительства с оказавшимися у руля либералами, хотя традиционно именно с ними негласно кооперировались датские ультраправые. Напротив, находившийся в оппозиции с 2015 г. К. Даль инициировал сближение с левыми, позволив ультраправой Датской народной партии сотрудничать по ряду важных вопросов с социал-демократами. 1. Вторая из двух крупнейших партий – Социал-демократическая партия Дании (Danmarks Socialdemokratiske Parti).

2. Дат. Venstre – “Левая”.
3 Парламентские выборы 2019 г. оказались провальными для ДНП. Партия получила всего 8.7% голосов избирателей, а в июне 2020 г. ее рейтинги достигли 6%-го минимума [1]. Никогда ранее позиции Датской народной партии не были столь слабы. Даже на своих дебютных парламентских выборах в 1998 г. она имела более существенную электоральную поддержку в 7.4% голосов. В рядах партии впервые открыто зазвучали обвинения лидера К. Даля во всех ее текущих неудачах [2]. Последний, на фоне разворачивающегося партийного кризиса, в срочном порядке озадачился поиском преемника [3]. Яркая кандидатура Мортена Мессершмидта, члена ДНП и бывшего европарламентария от Дании, оказалась запятнана в 2016 г. коррупционным скандалом о неправомерном использовании средств ЕС. К. Даль, очевидно, хотел бы передать свои полномочия именно такому молодому, инициативному человеку и медлил в надежде, что дело Мессершмидта, растянувшееся более чем на шесть лет, будет в скором времени закрыто [4]. Не осталась в стороне и Пиа Кьерсгор, 73-летняя основательница и бывший лидер ДНП, высказавшись о своей “готовности вступить в войну” за будущее партии. По ее мнению, “ДНП все еще являлась третьей по величине партией в Фолькетинге”, что давало ей шанс показать себя успешно на региональных выборах в 2021 г. [5]. Впрочем, настрой П. Кьерсгор выглядел чересчур оптимистичным ввиду того, что у партии появились серьезные политические конкуренты, а именно “Новые правые” (Nye Borgerlige). Согласно опросам общественного мнения, весной 2021 г. рейтинг этой популистской ультраправой партии составлял 9% – на три процента больше, чем у ДНП [1]. На состоявшихся в ноябре 2021 г. местных выборах Датская народная партия потеряла половину своих мест, набрав рекордно низкие 4.1% голосов. Однако неудача ДНП объяснялась не только укреплением в регионах популистских “Новых правых” (их поддержали 3.6% избирателей). Успешно выступила Консервативная народная партия (Det Konservative Folkeparti), перетянувшая голоса у других партий, в том числе у “Венстре” и правящих социал-демократов.

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