All
 
|
 
 


INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTION OF CULTURAL HERITAGE DURING ARMED CONFLICTS: HISTORY OF FORMATION AND MODERN MECHANISMS (DEDICATED TO THE 70TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE 1954 CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF CULTURAL PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF ARMED CONFLICT)
 
PIIS102694520030322-5-1
DOI10.31857/S102694520030322-5
Publication type Article
Status Approved
Authors
Timur Gibadullin 
Occupation: PhD in Law, Assistant of the Department of International and European Law
Affiliation: Kazan Federal University
Address: 18 Kremlyovskaya street, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008
Adel Abdullin
Occupation: Doctor of Law, Professor, Head of the Department of International and European Law
Affiliation: Kazan Federal University
Address: 18 Kremlyovskaya street, Kazan, Russian Federation, 420008
Abstract

The scientific article is devoted to the study of topical problems of the history of the formation of international legal mechanisms in the field of protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict and of modern measures in this area. The authors consistently analyze the relevant norms of both general and special nature of all major international legal acts relating to these issues, starting with the 1874 Brussels Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War as the earliest relevant document. The issue of the relationship between the 1954 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict and the 1977 Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions is considered. A conclusion is drawn about the subsidiary nature of the special norms of the 1977 Additional Protocols in relation to the norms of the 1954 Convention. The resulting coincidence of the scope of the definition of cultural property for the purposes of the 1954 Convention and its Protocols, on the one hand, and of the corresponding special rules of the 1977 Additional Protocols, on the other, is substantiated. The shortcomings of the individual international legal acts mentioned are indicated, including those related to the virtually non-functioning “special protection” regime enshrined in the 1954 Convention. The lack of norms directly protecting intangible cultural heritage is discussed as a shortcoming of the entire array of international legal norms in the field of protection of cultural heritage in the event of armed conflict.

Keywordscultural heritage, cultural property, cultural objects, historical monuments, works of art, armed conflict, Hague Conventions, Roerich Pact, Geneva Conventions, Additional Protocols
Received25.03.2024
Number of characters38213
100 rub.
When subscribing to an article or issue, the user can download PDF, evaluate the publication or contact the author. Need to register. 
1. Pustogarov V.V. F.F. Martens: lawyer, diplomat, publicist // Soviet Journal of International Law. 1991. No. 3–4. P. 76–94 (in Russ.).
2. Blake J. On Defining the Cultural Heritage // The International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 2000. Vol. 49. No. 1. P. 61–85.
3. Commentary on the Additional Protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949 / ed. by Y. Sandoz, C. Swinarski, B. Zimmermann. Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. xxxv, 1625 p.
4. Forrest C. International Law and the Protection of Cultural Heritage. London; New York: Routledge, 2010. xxii, 458 p.
5. Francioni F. Cultural Heritage // Max Plank Encyclopedia of Public International Law [Electronic resource]. URL: https://opil.ouplaw.com/view/10.1093/law:epil/9780199231690/law-9780199231690-e1392?prd=MPIL  (date of access: 25.02.2024).
6. Frigo M. Cultural property v. cultural heritage: A “battle of concepts” in international law? // International Review of the Red Cross. 2004. Vol. 86. No. 854. P. 367–378.
7. Merryman J.H. Two Ways of Thinking About Cultural Property // The American Journal of International Law. 1986. Vol. 80. No. 4. P. 831–853.
8. Nafziger J.A.R. Frontiers of Cultural Heritage Law. Leiden; Boston: Brill Nijhoff, 2021. xiv, 402 p.
9. Nafziger J.A.R., Paterson R.K., Renteln A.D. Cultural Law: International, Comparative, and Indigenous. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. xxvii, 1012 p.
10. O’Keefe R. Cultural Heritage and International Humanitarian Law // The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law / ed. by A.F. Vrdoljak, F. Francioni. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. P. 43–74.
11. Odendahl K. Global conventions for the protection of cultural heritage // Cultural Heritage and Legal Aspects in Europe / ed. by. M. Guštin, T. Nypan. Koper: Institute for Mediterranean Heritage, Institute for Corporation and Public Law, Science and Research Centre, University of Primorska, 2010. P. 100–113.
12. Prott L.V., O’Keefe P.J. ‘Cultural Heritage’ or ‘Cultural Property’? // International Journal of Cultural Property. 1992. Vol. 1. No. 2. P. 307–320.
13. Stamatoudi I.A. Cultural Property Law and Restitution: A Commentary to International Conventions and European Union Law. Cheltenham, UK; Northampton, MA, USA: Edward Elgar, 2011. x, 401 p.
14. Vrdoljak A.F., Francioni F. Introduction // The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law / ed. by A.F. Vrdoljak, F. Francioni. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. P. 1–10.
15. Vrdoljak A.F., Meskell L. Intellectual Cooperation Organisation, UNESCO, and the Culture Conventions // The Oxford Handbook of International Cultural Heritage Law / ed. by F. Francioni, A.F. Vrdoljak. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020. P. 13–39.

Система Orphus

Loading...
Up