TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY  (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM)

Zholobova, Galina

doi:10.61205/S160565900030682-4

TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM)

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TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM)

PII

S160565900030682-4-1

DOI

10.61205/S160565900030682-4

Publication type

Article

Status

Approved

Authors

Galina Zholobova

Occupation: head of the Department of history of state and law
Affiliation: Orenburg Institute (Branch) of The Kutafin Moscow State Law University (MSLA)
Address: Orenburg, Komsomolskaya Street, 50

Abstract

The first results of judiciary reform in 1864 in Russian Empire are presented through the lens of assessing the activities of the jury trial, that commented on them to lawyers according to the outcomes of its first experience in the beginning of justice. The article shows how the enthusiastic assessments of the first years of its work were gradually replaced by critical and sometimes sharply negative reviews, especially spread in the process of implementation of judicial reform and at the stage of the beginning of the adjustment of the judicial system and proceedings in the 80-90s of the XIX century. The authors of the article analyze the historical, legal and socio-cultural aspects of the institution created in Russia. The problems of formation of the composition of jurors, legislative definition of their educational and property qualifications are considered. Particular attention is paid to the changes aimed at limiting the competence of jury trial originally established in 1864. The reasons and motives of the made restrictions are revealed.

The researchers came to the conclusion that during the period of counter-reforms of the late XIX century the jury trial was seriously restricted to please the political conjuncture, although it continued to operate successfully, providing justice. The specificity of the restrictions consisted in a certain dualism of motivation of the state apparatus. On the one hand, in the face of the growing revolutionary and terrorist threat, the authorities were forced to move to a natural tightening of the regime, and therefore deliberately and consistently excluded jurors from participating in justice in political cases. On the other hand, the changes were a natural reaction to the shortcomings of the new court identified during the implementation of the judiciary reform of 1864 and were aimed at its modernization in order to improve its efficiency. Both of these vectors existed and were realized simultaneously, as problems in Russian legislation and its implementation were identified, and the state tried to solve them by available means.

Keywords

jury trial, judiciary reform, counter-reform, jury foreman, acquittal, jurisdiction of jury, legislation, political crimes, public prosecution, object to jurors, judicial system, jury evaluations

Received

20.04.2024

GOST	Zholobova G. TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM) // Journal of Russian Law URL: http://ras.jes.su/jrp/s160565900030682-4-1-en (circulation date: 18.05.2024).
MLA	Zholobova, Galina "TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM)." Journal of Russian Law DOI: 10.61205/S160565900030682-4
APA	Zholobova G. (). TRIAL BY JURY IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE: UNDERSTANDING THE FIRST EXPERIENCE DURING THE PERIOD OF COUNTER-REFORMS OF THE 80-90S. 19TH CENTURY (TO THE 160TH ANNIVERSARY OF THE JUDICIARY REFORM). Journal of Russian Law DOI: 10.61205/S160565900030682-4

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